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PHYS 423 > Chapter 13 (resp) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (resp) Flashcards

1
Q

t/f: inspiration always requires muscle contraction

A

TRUE

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2
Q

t/f: during expiration, intra-alveolar pressure increases

A

true

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3
Q

t/f: muscles of respiration are smooth muscle

A

false

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4
Q

purpose of respiration

A 
gas exchange (o2 & co2)
heat exchange
water loss
acid/base balance
communication (breathing and talking)
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5
Q

respiratory system steps of external respiration

A
  • ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
  • exchange of o2 and co2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
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6
Q

Circulatory system steps of external respiration

A
  • transport o2 and co2 by the blood between the lungs and the tissues
  • exchange co2 and o2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries
  • cellular respiration
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7
Q

t/f: increasing volume decreases the pressure

A

true

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8
Q

inspiration muscles

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • scalenus and sternomastoid muscles
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9
Q

expiration muscles

A
  • abdominal muscles

- internal intercostals

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10
Q

t/f: inspiration can be passive or active

A

false

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11
Q

t/f: expiration can be passive or active

A

true

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12
Q

how does the diaphragm move when contracted?

A

downward

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13
Q

how do the external intercostal muscles move when contracted?

A

upward and inward to elevate the ribs

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14
Q

what happens if you damage the diaphragm?

A

respiratory paralysis

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15
Q

t/f: active expiration decreases lung volume

A

true

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16
Q

what is compliance?

A

how much effort is required to stretch

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17
Q

what happens to transmural pressure when compliance increases

A

increases

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18
Q

how do you see an increase in transmural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure

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19
Q

increasing compliance does what (expand/contract) to the thoracic cavity and how?

A

expands thoracic cavity via stronger contraction of inspiratory muscles

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20
Q

increasing compliance does what to surfactant production

A

increases

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21
Q

decreasing compliance does what to surface tension

A

increases

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22
Q

surface tension is reduced by

A

surfactant

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23
Q

surfactant is produced by what cells

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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24
Q

how does increasing alveolar radius affect inward collapsing pressure?

A

decreases

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25
Q

what does surfactant do?

A

decrease hydrogen bonds to decrease water particle attraction

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26
Q

what is surfactant made of

A

lipids and proteins

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27
Q

decreasing radius without surfactant does what to inward collapsing pressure (collapse tendency)

A

increases

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28
Q

what is elastic recoil

A

how readily the lungs rebound after being stretched

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29
Q

how is elastic recoil affected by emphysema

A

increased

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30
Q

a decrease of elastic recoil causes:

A

difficulty breathing (with increased resistance)

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31
Q

t/f: elastic recoil is decreased by surfactant

A

true

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32
Q

t/f: compliance is a measure of the change in lung volume from a change in transmural pressure gradient

A

true

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33
Q

t/f: surfactant discourages against alveolar collapse

A

true

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34
Q

t/f: surfactant facilities lung expansion

A

true

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35
Q

what forces keep the alveoli open

A

transmural pressure gradient and pulmonary surfactant

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36
Q

what forces promote alveolar collapse

A

elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibers (recoil) and alveolar surface tension

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37
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

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38
Q

intraalveolar pressure is found where

A

inside the lungs

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39
Q

intrapleural pressure is found where

A

in thorax- not in lungs

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40
Q

what pressures keep the alveoli open

A

intra-alveolar pressure (out pushing) > intrapleural pressure (in pushing)

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41
Q

pressure changes during inhalation

A
  • expand chest cavity
  • decrease intrapleual pressure
  • decrease intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric
  • draw air into alveoli
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42
Q

pressure changes during exhalation

A
  • decrease intrathoracic volume
  • increase intrapleural pressure
  • increase intra-alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure
  • air leaves alveoli
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43
Q

pressure changes between breaths

A

intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

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44
Q

when does intrapleural pressure exceed intra-alveolar pressure?

A

forcefully coughing

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45
Q

what is the main characteristic of pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity due to compromise or piercing from outside

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46
Q

why do the lungs collapse during pneumothorax?

A

intra-alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

  • increased volume
  • decreased pressure
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47
Q

t/f: resting expiration is passive

A

true

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48
Q

t/f: exercise expiration is active

A

true

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49
Q

what muscles cause active expiration

A

accessory expiratory muscles

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50
Q

t/f: parasympathetic tone increases resistance which cause bronchoconstriction

A

true

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51
Q

t/f: sympathetic tone decreases resistance which causes bronchodilation

A

true

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52
Q

what receptor contributes to sympathetic tone causing bronchodilation

A

beta 2 agonist- has no affect on the heart and counteracts constriction

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53
Q

t/f: intrapleural pressure is always below intra-alveolar pressure

A

true

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54
Q

t/f: pressure increases in the thoracic cavity as volume decreases

A

true

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55
Q

what is tidal volume

A

air entering/leaving per breath

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56
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume that be inspired beyond regular tidal volume

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57
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximum in quiet inspiration (TV + IRV)

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58
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume that can be expired beyond regular tidal volume

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59
Q

residual volume

A

minimum volume remaining after max. expiration

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60
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume remaining after passive expiration (ERV + RV)

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61
Q

Vital Capacity

A

maximum volume moved out during one breath following max. inspiration

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62
Q

t/f: only 3% of total body energy is spent on breathing

A

true

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63
Q

Increasing respiratory volume effects:

A
  • decrease compliance
  • increase resistance
  • decrease recoil
  • increased demand
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64
Q

COPD affect on resistance and respiratory volume

A

increase; decrease

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65
Q

t/f: increasing respiratory volumes causes inadequate passive expiration

A

true

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66
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

harder to breath out than in

- airflow limiting disorder

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67
Q

causes of obstructive pulmonary disease

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • asthma
  • bronchiectasis
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
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68
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

mainly affects males; causes thick mucus production and lack of serous production in lungs; increases resistance by decreasing diameter

69
Q

what is COPD

A

combination of asthma and emphysema

70
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

airway collapse

71
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchioles

72
Q

what does bronchitis do to the radius and how does that affect resistance?

A

decreases radius, increases resistance

73
Q

emphysema

A

air trapped outside alveoli that has nowhere to go

74
Q

if lungs are hyper-inflated, what happens?

A

can’t get the air out that you need to, decrease expiratory reserve volume, bronchioles collapse

75
Q

restrictive pulmonary disease

A

harder to get air in than out- diaphragm may contract but super hard to completely open

76
Q

t/f: restrictive pulmonary disease is also known as low air-volume disorder

A

true

77
Q

intrapulmonary restrictive pulmonary disorder

A
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • pulmonary edema
78
Q

extrapulmonary restrictive pulmonary disease

A

rib fractures and neuromuscular

79
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

80
Q

deadspace

A

volume of air not used for gas exchange

81
Q

volume of deadspace

A

150 mL

82
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

83
Q

how does decreased o2 affect pulmonary arterioles

A

vasoconstrict

84
Q

how does decreased o2 affect systemic arterioles

A

vasodilation

85
Q

how does increased o2 affect pulmonary arterioles

A

vasodilation

86
Q

how does increased o2 affect systemic arterioles

A

vasoconstriction

87
Q

partial pressure gradients

A

determines how much of a substance will be dissolved in the blood

88
Q

partial pressure gradient percentages of n2, o2, and co2

A 
Pn2= 79%
Po2= 21%
Pco2= 0.04%
89
Q

t/f: partial pressure of o2 determines how much hemoglobin is bound

A

true

90
Q

alveolar air partial pressures

A 
Ph2o= 47 mmHg
Pn2= 563 mmHg
Po2= 100 mmHg (lowered from 150)
Pco2= 40 mmHg
91
Q

what contributes to the decrease in partial pressure of o2 in alveoli? and how?

A

water and dead space

- water remains when air is depleted, then when air enters, the pressure is decreased

92
Q

what does nicotine do to thickness and exchange?

A

increases thickness, decreases exchange

93
Q

t/f: gas always diffuses down partial pressure gradients (high to low)

A

true

94
Q

t/f: arterial pressure is higher than alveolar pressure

A

false

95
Q

why does Pco2 increase after exchange?

A

co2 released from tissues to be released through expiration but also maintains pH and the acid-base balance

96
Q

rate of exchange

A

surface area where exchange occurs

97
Q

t/f: increasing pressure difference increases exchange

A

true

98
Q

influences on exchange

A
  • surface area (A)
  • membrane thickness (Δx)
  • solubility (B)
99
Q

how does solubility influence exchange

A

co2 is more soluble than o2

100
Q

what diseases affect exchange

A

increased membrane thickness (decrease)

reduction in surface area (decrease)– emphysema

101
Q

fick’s law of diffusion

A

Q= (ΔC * A * B)/ (MW^1/2 * ΔX)

102
Q

lipid soluble substances

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • anesthetics
  • ethanol
103
Q

local control to adjust ventilation to a lung area with large airflow and small blood flow

A

decreases co2 in area → increased contraction of local-airway smooth muscle → constrict airways locally → increase airway resistance → decrease airflow

104
Q

local control to adjust perfusion to a lung area with large airflow and small blood flow

A

increase o2 in area → relaxation of local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle → dilation of blood vessels locally → decrease vascular resistance → increase blood flow

105
Q

when do arterioles at the top of the lungs dilate?

A

when they sense a lot of o2

106
Q

when do arterioles at the bottom of lungs constrict?

A

when o2 is low

107
Q

why do you toss and turn at night?

A

maintain ventilation-perfusion ratio

108
Q

local control to adjust ventilation to a lung area with large blood flow and small airflow

A

increases co2 in area → relaxation of local-airway smooth muscle → dilate airways locally → decrease airway resistance → increase airflow

109
Q

local control to adjust perfusion to a lung area with large blood flow and small airflow

A

decrease o2 in area → increased contraction of local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle → constriction of blood vessels locally → increase vascular resistance → decrease blood flow

110
Q

t/f: oxygen is greatly soluble in plasma

A

false

111
Q

what attaches to hemoglobin

A

oxygen

112
Q

how much hemoglobin is attached to oxygen

A

98.5%

113
Q

reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)

A

not combined with oxygen

114
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen combined with the heme group

115
Q

t/f: when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin it has a great effect on Po2

A

false

116
Q

what does hemoglobin do?

A

remove o2 from the blood so more can be dissolved

117
Q

in the lungs, how much hemoglobin is saturated?

A

97.5%

118
Q

after exchange, how much hemoglobin is saturated?

A

90%

119
Q

t/f: hemoglobin prolongs existence of pressure gradient

A

true

120
Q

t/f: as partial pressure of oxygen decreases, hemoglobin releases more o2

A

true

121
Q

when do we see more oxygen delivered?

A

hemoglobin saturation with slight changes in amount of oxygen in the blood
- large change in hemoglobin saturation, small change in partial pressure of o2

122
Q

how much o2 in the blood is removed by the heart?

A

65%

123
Q

what is the primary driver for respiration

A

carbon dioxide

124
Q

t/f: increasing partial pressure of o2 in pulmonary capillaries will shift the curve right

A

true

125
Q

t/f: decreasing partial pressure of o2 in systemic capillaries will shift the curve left

A

true

126
Q

steep portion of hemoglobin curve allows:

A

a large amount of o2 available to the tissues

127
Q

how low does o2 have to get in blood to trigger respiration

A

65 mmHg (can fall below at high altitidues)

128
Q

increase co2 does what to hemoglobin

A

causes hemoglobin to release more o2 (right shift)

129
Q

increase hydrogen ion concentration does what to pH

A

decreases pH (shift right)

130
Q

increase in BPG does what to hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin release more o2 (shift right)

131
Q

carbon monoxide does what to hemoglobin?

A

causes hemoglobin to hold onto more o2 causing a decrease in amount of o2 going to the tissues (shift left)

132
Q

how does increasing temperature affect hemoglobin?

A

cause hemoglobin to release more o2 to tissue at higher temperatures (shift right)

133
Q

t/f: carboxyhemoglobin is the dominant hemoglobin

A

true

134
Q

decrease pH= ____ acidity = _____ H+ ions

A

increase; increase

135
Q

t/f: a left shift of the hemoglobin curve releases more o2 to tissues

A

false

136
Q

when is a right shift dangerous?

A

causes a decrease in exchange eventually which causes less oxygen to the tissues, hemoglobin is not picking up oxygen like it should be

137
Q

t/f: 60% of co2 is transported as bicarbonate

A

true

138
Q

bicarbonate buffer equation

A

co2 + h2o ⇿ h2co3 ⇿ h+ + hco3-

139
Q

what does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

accelerate reaction which allows large amount of co2 to interact with red blood cells before leaving capillary bed

140
Q

t/f: 30% of co2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin

A

true

141
Q

how much co2 is dissolved in the plasma

A

10%

142
Q

what does co2 bind to in hemoglobin?

A

globin

143
Q

what does o2 bind to in hemoglobin?

A

heme

144
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficient o2 at the cellular level

145
Q

haldane effect

A

reduced hemoglobin has a greater affinity to bind to co2

146
Q

bohr effect

A

hydrogen is affecting hemoglobin’s ability to bind to o2

147
Q

t/f: increasing hydrogen and carbon dioxide can actually help hemoglobin unload oxygen

A

true

148
Q

t/f: hemoglobin has to release oxygen before carbon dioxide can bind

A

false

149
Q

co2 binding to oxyhemoglobin aids in:

A

release of o2 from hemoglobin and increases o2 delivery to tissues

150
Q

hyperventilation

A

release too much co2 (decrease co2)
increase pH
increase o2

151
Q

hypoventilation

A

not enough movement of air

  • decreased o2
  • increased co2
152
Q

pre-botzinger complex

A

pacemaker of breathing

  1. fires every 3-5 seconds
  2. pH sensitive
153
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

stimulation= inspiration

lack of stimulation = expiration

154
Q

t/f: DRG generates rhythm

A

false

155
Q

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

active inspiration and expiration

156
Q

pons respiratory center

A

fine tuning

- affect respiratory pattern

157
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

inhibitory toward DRG

- prevent over inflation of lungs

158
Q

apneustic center

A

protect DRG

159
Q

pre-botzinger and dorsal respiratory complex create

A

tidal volume

160
Q

t/f: when DRG is not activated: passive expiration occurs

A

true

161
Q

t/f: VRG modifies breathing patterns and is responsible for active expiration

A

true

162
Q

what happens if medullary respiratory center is damaged?

A

respiratory failure

163
Q

if there is pressure on the DRG area, what kind of breathing would occur?

A

active breathing only

- no passive breathing bc DRG would be constantly activated by the pressure

164
Q

t/f: if apneustic center is in control, severe brain damage will occur

A

true

165
Q

t/f: arterial Po2 is a strong driver of regulation

A

false

166
Q

what is arterial Pco2 indicative of?

A

hydrogen levels

167
Q

increasing arterial Pco2 will weakly do what?

A

activate peripheral chemoreceptors which will feed into the medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease arterial Pco2 to relieve the initial increase

168
Q

what does an increase arterial Pco2 pathologically do?

A

affect medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease Pco2

169
Q

how does an increase of arterial Pco2 affect the brain?

A

increase brain-ECF Pco2 which then increase Brain-ECF H+ due to carbonic anhydrase (bicarbonate buffer system) which will activate the central chemoreceptors which feed into the medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease arterial Pco2 to relieve the initial increase

PHYS 423 (3 decks)

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