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PHYS 423 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased firing of a baroreceptor does what to MAP? (increase or decrease)

A

Increase

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2
Q

Vasoconstriction of arterioles does what to MAP? (increase or decrease) and how?

A

Increase; increase resistance

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3
Q

Increased blood volume does what to MAP? (increase or decrease) and how?

A

Increase; increase stroke volume and increase cardiac output

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4
Q

Increased parasympathetic tone does what to MAP? (increase or decrease) and how?

A

decrease; decrease heart rate which decreases cardiac output

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5
Q

Decreased venous capacitance does what to MAP? (increase or decrease) and how?

A

increase; heart gets more blood (veins hold less) which increases venous return, increases stroke volume, and increases cardiac output

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6
Q

What happens when the distance between cells and the blood are increased?

A

rate of diffusion decreases

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7
Q

what happens if arterial end pressure increases?

A

hypertension, increase mean arterial pressure

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8
Q

What is edema caused by?

A
  • increased permeability of capillary walls (more pores on capillary beds)
  • reduction of plasma proteins
  • increased venous pressure
  • blockage of lymph vessels
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9
Q

histamine

A

Vasodilator of arterioles (increases permeability of capillary walls)

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10
Q

What does increased permeability of capillary walls do to reabsorption and filtration?

A

decreased reabsorption and increased filtration

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11
Q

what does a reduction in plasma proteins do to reabsorption?

A

decrease reabsorption

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12
Q

what is the main cause of congestive heart failure?

A

increased venous pressure

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13
Q

what causes elaphantitis?

A

blockage of lymph vessels

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14
Q

t/f: with edema, elastic fibers are worn out meaning the skin is constantly stretched out and cannot recoil

A

true

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15
Q

what pressure is the elasticity of the skin partially responsible for?

A

hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

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16
Q

hydrostatic capillary pressure/ capillary blood pressure

A

Pc

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17
Q

plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

A

π p

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18
Q

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

A

P IF

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19
Q

interstitial fluid-colloid osmotic pressure

A

π IF

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20
Q

In or out: Capillary blood pressure

A

Out

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21
Q

In or out: plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

A

in

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22
Q

In or out: interstitial hydrostatic pressure

A

in

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23
Q

In or out: interstitial colloid-osmotic pressure

A

out

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24
Q

Net exchange pressure

A

(Pc + π IF) - (π p + P IF)

out - in

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25
Q

how do veins serve as a blood reservoir?

A

don’t recoil

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26
Q

How do veins increase cardiac output?

A

increased alpha-1 stimulation

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27
Q

How is resistance and blood flow affected by a large radius in veins?

A

decrease resistance and increase blood flow

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28
Q

t/f: veins are capacitance vessels

A

true

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29
Q

t/f: veins are responsible for volume and arterioles are responsible for pressure

A

true

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30
Q

t/f: arteries have more collagen fibers which make them more durable

A

false

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31
Q

t/f: veins don’t recoil until alpha-1 tells them to

A

true

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32
Q

what does an increase in venous capacity do to venous return?

A

decrease

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33
Q

what is venous capacity?

A

holding blood in the veins and not returning the blood to the heart

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34
Q

t/f: minimal constriction of veins due to sympathetic activity increases flow

A

true

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35
Q

what does arteriolar constriction do to flow? venous return? cardiac output? heart contractility?

A

decrease all

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36
Q

what does arteriolar dilation do to flow? venous return? cardiac output? heart contractility?

A

increase all

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37
Q

what does sympathetic activity do to venous capacity?

A

decrease

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38
Q

what does skeletal muscle do for venous return?

A

facilitate it

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39
Q

What does standing on your feet too long cause?

A

blood pooling in the lower extremities

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40
Q

how do veins help return blood to the heart when standing?

A

valves in veins break up the pressure gradient

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41
Q

t/f: venous valves prevent backflow

A

true

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42
Q

what does breathing in do to venous return, stroke volume, and pressure?

A

increase; increase; decrease

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43
Q

cardiac suction effect

A

decrease pressure in heart causing an increasing in pressure gradient, leads to increase in venous return

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44
Q

pressure imparted to blood by cardiac contraction

A

increase venous pressure causing increase in pressure gradient, lead to increase venous return

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45
Q

increase in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity

A

increase venous pressure causing increase pressure gradient; decrease venous capacity, leads to increase venous return

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46
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

increase venous return causing increase in pressure gradient; leads to increase venous return

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47
Q

respiratory pump

A

decrease pressure in chest veins causing increase in venous return; leads to increase venous return

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48
Q

how is blood volume increased

A

passive bulk-flow shift of fluid from ISF to plasma and salt & water retention

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49
Q

increase in blood volume

A

increase venous pressure causing increase pressure gradient; leads to increase venous return

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50
Q

how is mean arterial pressure affected by blood volume

A

increased blood volume increases venous return, which increases stroke volume, which increases cardiac output, which increases MAP

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51
Q

how is mean arterial pressure affected by respiratory activity

A

increase resp. activity increases venous return, which increases stroke volume, which increases cardiac output, which increases MAP

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52
Q

how is mean arterial pressure affected by skeletal muscle activity

A

1: increase skeletal muscle activity increases venous return, which increase stroke volume, which increases cardiac output, which increases MAP
2: increase skeletal muscle activity causes local metabolic control which increases the arteriolar radius (dilation), which decreases TPR which increases MAP

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53
Q

baroreceptor reflex

A

affect heart rate and TPR, monitors MAP

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54
Q

how do baroreceptors make short term adjustments

A

change cardiac output and total peripheral resistance via autonomics

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55
Q

how do baroreceptors make long-term adjustments

A

increase total blood volume and increase cardiac output

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56
Q

carotid sinus baroreceptor

A

regulates blood flow to brain, sensitive to external pressure

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57
Q

aortic arch baroreceptors

A

only triggered after significant decrease in blood pressure

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58
Q

baroreceptor reflex in response to an increase in blood pressure

A

increased blood pressure above normal → increase carotid sinus and aortic arch receptor potential → increase rate of firing in afferent nerves → cardiovascular system → decrease symp. cardiac nerve activity, decrease symp. vasoconstrictor nerve activity, increase parasymp. activity → decrease heart rate, decrease stroke volume, arteriolar and venous dilation → decrease cardiac output and decrease TPR → decrease blood pressure to normal

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59
Q

baroreceptor reflex in response to a decrease in blood pressure

A

decrease carotid sinus and aortic arch receptor potential → decrease rate of firing in afferent neurons → cardiovascular center → increase symp. cardiac nerve activity, increase symp. vasoconstrictor nerve activity, and decrease parasymp. nerve activity → increase heart rate, increase stroke volume, and arteriolar and venous constriction → increase cardiac output and increase TPR → bring blood pressure back up to normal

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60
Q

increasing MAP does what to parasymp tone? symp. tone?

A

increase parasymp. tone, decrease symp. tone (decrease HR)

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61
Q

decreasing MAP does what to parasymp tone? symp. tone?

A

decrease parasymp. tone, increase symp. tone (increase HR)

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62
Q

t/f: the body is more adapted to respond to an increase in BP than a decrease in BP

A

false

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63
Q

where are osmoreceptors and volume receptors found?

A

hypothalamus, kidney, and atria

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64
Q

What do osmoreceptors and volume receptors do?

A

alter salt and water balance to alter volume

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65
Q

hypertension BP

A

140/90

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66
Q

t/f: secondary hypertension is due to a definitive cause

A

true

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67
Q

cardiovascular hypertension recommended treatment

A

diet and exercise

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68
Q

renal hypertension symptoms

A

tumor in kidneys which produce renin

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69
Q

what is endocrine hypertension caused by?

A

hormones

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70
Q

neurogenic hypertension

A

nerves are not sensitive enough

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71
Q

what does hypertension do to heart workload, TPR, and internal pressure?

A

increase heart workload, increase TPR, and increase internal pressure

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72
Q

t/f: primary hypertension has a known cause

A

false

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73
Q

primary hypertension causes

A
  • salt management
  • Na+K+ pump problems
  • pressure on medulla
  • nitric oxide
  • digitalis-like compounds
74
Q

hypotension BP

A

> 90/60 +/-

75
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

position based, light headed when you stand up from laying down

76
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

extreme blood loss

77
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

weak heart

78
Q

vasogenic shock

A

vasodilation

79
Q

two types of vasogenic shock

A

septic and anaphylactic

80
Q

neurogenic shock

A

defective vasoconstrictor tone

81
Q

t/f: flow is constant through every level of circulation

A

true

82
Q

t/f: flow velocity varies due to cross sectional area

A

true

83
Q

where is the highest pressure in an artery

A

beginning

84
Q

where is the highest resistance and velocity in an artery

A

when radius is decreased or TPR is increased

85
Q

t/f: flow through an artery is the same

A

true

86
Q

flow equation

A

flow = pressure gradient/ vascular resistance

87
Q

pressure throughout circulation

A

aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > veins

88
Q

what would happen if pressure was greater in veins than capillaries?

A

blood would pool in capillaries

89
Q

t/f: you would want blood to slow down at point of exchange when the most area is available for exchange of the products

A

true

90
Q

main pressure reservoir vessels

A

arteries

91
Q

what is resistance affected by

A

viscosity, surface area/length, and radius

92
Q

what is viscosity

A

determined by ratio of RBC to plasma and how much protein is in the plasma

93
Q

t/f: blood thinners change viscosity

A

false

94
Q

t/f: length of blood vessel is essentially constant

A

true

95
Q

t/f: the radius of a blood vessel can be regulated

A

true

96
Q

what does a decrease in radius do to resistance and blood flow?

A

increase resistance and decrease flow

97
Q

what is the major determinant of resistance

A

radius (1/r^4)

98
Q

flow rate equation

A

(pressure gradient)*(radius^4)

99
Q

t/f: arterioles and capillaries have no elastic fibers

A

true

100
Q

where to arteries transport blood

A

heart to organs

101
Q

t/f: arteries serve as a pressure reserve

A

true

102
Q

anatomy of arteries

A

large diameter/radius, low resistance, lots of elastic fibers, lots of collagen fibers

103
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against vessel wall and depends on volume of blood within the vessel

104
Q

compliance

A

how easily something can be stretched

105
Q

constant BP

A

volume of blood entering arteries = volume of blood leaving arteries

106
Q

t/f: constant BP always occurs

A

false

107
Q

how much blood leaves the heart in systole?

A

stroke volume amount

108
Q

how much blood leaves the heart in diastole?

A

none

109
Q

t/f: pressure in ventricles> pressure in arteries

A

false

110
Q

where does laminar smooth flow of pressure occur?

A

capillaries

111
Q

MAP equation

A

1/3 systole + 2/3 diastole

112
Q

t/f: arteriolar pressure is dependent on compliance

A

tur

113
Q

pulse pressure equation

A

systolic - diastolic

114
Q

t/f: alpha 1 vasoconstricts when stimulated and vasodilates when relaxed

A

true

115
Q

what happens if there is no resistance?

A

no pressure, no flow, DEATH

116
Q

t/f: flow through the body is constant while flow to certain organs is variable

A

true

117
Q

what does vasoconstriction do?

A

decrease tissue activity, increase oxygen and symp. stimulation, cold, angiotension 2

118
Q

arteriolar resistance

A

converts pulsatile systole to diastole pressure changes in arteries to the non-fluctuating pressure seen in capillaries

119
Q

vasodilation

A

increase tissue activity (adenosine, prostaglandins, osmolarity), nitric oxide, decrease oxygen, sympathetic stimulation, histamine and heat

120
Q

local control of blood flow

A

influences cardiac output to organ

chemical mediators

121
Q

t/f: local control is believed to act on vascular endothelium not smooth muscle

A

true

122
Q

local control via nitric oxide

A

smooth muscle relaxation

123
Q

endothelin (local control)

A

smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction)

124
Q

Angiogenesis

A

new vessel growth (affected by local control)

125
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator

126
Q

relative hyperemia

A

post-occlusion increase of blood flow which is beneficial for returning local chemical composition to normal quality

127
Q

what does vasodilation cause

A

increase blood flow, active hyperemia

128
Q

active hyperemia

A

above normal blood, needs more oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes

129
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

post occlusion increase of blood flow that is beneficial for returning local chemical composition to normal QUICKLY

130
Q

vasodilator affects

A
  • decrease oxygen
  • increase carbon dioxide
  • increase pH (co2 and lactate build up if glycolysis is used
  • increase K+ (faster than pump)
  • increase osmolarity
  • increase adenosine
  • increase shear stress
131
Q

myogenic influence of blood flow

A

arterial smooth muscle stretches which increase tone

132
Q

extrinsic control of blood flow

A

sympathetic tone and cardiovascular control center

133
Q

sympathetic tone on blood flow

A

overridden in exercise (skin), norepinephrine, cerebral vasculature is under local control (20%)

134
Q

cardiovascular control center

A

medulla and regulation of MAP via baroreceptors

135
Q

calcified aorta affect

A

decreased compliance (work harder to get blood out) which increase systolic pressure, not recoiling or stretching, increase diastolic pressure, decrease pulse pressure, increase MAP

136
Q

t/f: there is parasympathetic control on blood flow

A

false

137
Q

norepinephrine binds to what receptor to regulate blood flow?

A

alpha1 for vasoconstriction

138
Q

vasoconstriction affect on flow of blood

A

increase myogenic activity
increased oxygen
decrease carbon dioxide and other metabolites
increase endothelin
increase sympathetic stimulation- vasopressin; angiotensin II, cold

139
Q

alpha 1 receptor: location, chemical mediator, arteriolar smooth muscle response

A

all arteriolar smooth muscle except in the brain, norepi from sympathetic fibers and adrenal medulla, epinephrine from adrenal medulla, vasoconstriction

140
Q

Beta 2 receptor: location, chemical mediator, arteriolar smooth muscle response

A

arteriolar smooth muscle in heart and skeletal muscles, epinephrine from adrenal medulla, vasodilation

141
Q

initial lymphatic vessel function

A

remove ISF fluid (reabsorb)

142
Q

What would happen to ISF fluid if lymph nodes decrease

A

increase

143
Q

t/f: whatever is in the plasma ends up in the ISF

A

true

144
Q

t/f: the capillaries are the site of exchange

A

true

145
Q

what type of cells are capillaries lined with?

A

simple squamous

146
Q

hypoxic

A

too much swelling causes the fluid to increase the cell from the blood supply causing a decrease in the rate of diffusion and ultimately causing death

147
Q

surface area of capillaries

A

600 m^2

148
Q

what percentage of blood volume is in the capillaries?

A

5%

149
Q

t/f: pores in capillaries exclude proteins

A

true

150
Q

where are the pores in the capillaries and what are their function?

A

between endothelial cells; allow for passage of water-soluble compounds

151
Q

t/f: different types of capillaries will allow for movement of different types of solutes and particles across the surface

A

true

152
Q

t/f: lipid soluble molecules can readily pass through endothelial cells in the lipid bilayer./plasma membrane

A

true

153
Q

what is flow of the capillaries regulated by?

A

smooth muscle in metarterioles

154
Q

t/f: when metarterioles are constricted, the capillaries exchange material

A

false

155
Q

t/f: when metarterioles are dilated, the capillaries exchange material

A

true

156
Q

precapillary sphinter

A 
not innervated
increased myogenic tone
sensitive to local metabolic changes
increase in metabolic activity: relax
decrease metabolic activity: constrict
157
Q

what do metabolically active tissues do to density of capillaries

A

increase density

158
Q

arteriolar vasodilation effects

A

increase total blood flow
increase total volume
increase surface area
decrease diffusion distance between cell and open capillary

159
Q

what is blood flow through an organ controlled by

A

degree of resistance from arterioles (controlled by sympathetic tone and metabolic activity)
number of open capillaries, controlled by action of the same local factors on pre capillary sphincters

160
Q

passive diffusion

A

down concentration gradients and solubility

161
Q

how do water soluble molecules diffuse

A

through pores

162
Q

how do lipid soluble molecules diffuse

A

through plasma membrane

163
Q

t/f: capillary wall limits passage of everything other than plasma proteins

A

false

164
Q

how are plasma proteins diffused into ISF

A

they aren’t

165
Q

how are exchangable proteins diffused into ISF

A

facilitated diffusion

166
Q

what does bulk flow do

A

maintain pressures– regulate distribution of ECF between plasma and ISF

167
Q

ultrafiltration

A

more fluids out of capillary into ISF (plasma → ISF)

168
Q

ultrareabsorption

A

reabsorb into capillary before going back to heart (ISF → plasma)

169
Q

What does decreasing plasma volume do?

A

decrease blood pressure, decrease outward pressure, increase reabsorption

170
Q

t/f: hydrostatic capillary pressure lowers BP bc of frictional loss

A

true

171
Q

what does plasma colloid osmotic pressure create?

A

osmotic effect - water moves from ISF → plasm (caused by proteins)

172
Q

Hydrostatic pressure of ISF is caused by

A

elasticity of the skin and atmospheric pressure (lower at high altitude)

173
Q

positive net exchange pressure

A

ultrafiltration

174
Q

negative net exchange pressure

A

reabsorption

175
Q

role of lymphatic system

A

return ISF to heart

176
Q

how much lymph is reabsorbed per day

A

3 liters/day

177
Q

Lymphatic anatomy

A
  • slight overlap with endothelial cells
  • allow fluid in but not out
  • travels to lymph node
178
Q

Lymphatics function

A

transport plasma proteins and bacteria

179
Q

sympathetic affect on lymphatics

A

increase pumping of lymph vessels towards venous outlet

180
Q

role of lymphatics

A
  • empty into vena cava (MAJOR)
  • transport fat from digestive tract (half lymph vessel associated)
  • screen against foreign invaders
  • return escaped proteins
181
Q

t/f: if plasma proteins are accumulated in the ISF instead of being returned by lymphatics, ultrafiltration ________ and reabsorption ________

A

increases, decreases

PHYS 423 (3 decks)

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