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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 13 - Physiology of Training > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Physiology of Training Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principles of training?

A

Overload, Specificity, Reversibility

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2
Q

What is overload?

A

Training effect with exercising beyond normal. The body adapts to the changes in some way, shape or form.

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3
Q

What is Specificity?

A

The type of training specific to muscle fibers, energy systems, velocity of contraction and type of contraction.

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4
Q

What is Reversibility?

A

Gains are lost when overload is removed. “Use it, or lose it”.

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5
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

The maximal ability to transport and utilize O2.

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6
Q

What is the VO2 equation?

A

VO2 max = Q max x a-VO2 diff.

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7
Q

What type of exercise increases VO2 max?

A

Exercise that is dynamic and uses large muscle groups.

20-60mins 3-5 times per week. 50-80% VO2 max.

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8
Q

What are the expected increases in VO2 max?

A

Average = 15-20%
2-3% in those with high initial VO2 max (requires intensity of over 70% of VO2 max)
Up to 50% in those with low initial VO2 max (training intensity of 40-50% of VO2 max)

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9
Q

What role does genetics play in VO2 max?

A

Accounts for about 50% of VO2 max.

Prerequisite for very high VO2 max.

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10
Q

What factor is influenced by genetics?

A

Muscle fiber type - mitochondria

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11
Q

What accounts for differences in VO2 max between males and females?

A

Males have a larger heart and more hemoglobin to pump oxygen around the body.

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12
Q

Improving VO2 Max: What is the calculation of VO2 max?

A

VO2 max = HRmax x SVmax x (a-VO2)max

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13
Q

What are the two main factors that influence an increase in VO2 max?

A

Stroke volume and Arterial-venous difference

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14
Q

What happens when doing shorter duration training (4 months)?

A

There is a greater increase in Stroke Volume than there is in a-VO2 difference

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15
Q

What happens when doing longer duration training (8 months)?

A

There is a greater increase in a-VO2 difference than there is in stroke volume.

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16
Q

Differences in Vo2 max in different populations are primarily due to….

A

differences in Stroke Volume max!

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17
Q

What are the 3 main factors that can elicit a change in Stroke Volume?

A

INCREASING End-Diastolic Volume (EDV): Preload
DECREASING Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR): Afterload
INCREASING Contractility

18
Q

What is EDV and how can we increase Preload?

A

The ability of the heart to fill up with blood.
INCREASE plasma volume
INCREASE filling time and venous return
INCREASE ventricular volume

19
Q

Why is there increased contractility?

A

Because of the frank-starling mechanism

20
Q

Why is there a decreased Total Peripheral Resistance? (afterload)

A

Because there is a DECREASE in arterial (aorta) constriction and there is an INCREASE in maximal muscle blood flow with no change in MAP

21
Q

When do the changes in stroke volume occur?

A

They occur rapidly. There is an 11% increase in plasma volume, 7% increase in VO2, and a 10% increase in stroke volume within 6 days of training!

22
Q

Increased a-VO2 difference: What is a-VO2 difference?

A

It is O2 extraction. There is an increase in muscle blood flow and a decrease in SNS vasoconstriction

23
Q

How does a-VO2 difference change with training?

A

It increases

24
Q

An increased a-VO2 difference results in an improved ability of the muscle to extract O2 from the blood… What changes allow this to happen?

A

There is an INCREASE in capillary density (slows blood flow through the muscle)
There is also an INCREASE in the mitochondrial number

25
Q

Endurance training affect the maintenance of homeostasis: What happens to the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis (steady state) during exercise after endurance training?

A

There is a more rapid shift from rest to steady-state.
There is a reduced reliance on glycogen stores.
There are CV and thermoregulatory adaptations.
And it is due to neural and hormonal adaptations (also structural and biochemical changes in muscle)

26
Q

What are the endurance training-induced changes in fiber type and capillarity?

A

There is a fast-to-slow twitch shift in muscle fiber type.

There is an increased number of capillaries.

27
Q

Why is there a fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber type?

A
  1. Reduction in fast myosin - increase in slow myosin
  2. INCREASED number of capillaries
  3. Mitochondria in the muscle and the extent of change is influenced by duration of training and genetics
28
Q

Why is there a change in mitochondria in the muscle from endurance training?

A
  • Mitochondrial content increases quickly
  • Depends on intensity and duration of training
  • Can increase 50-100% within first 6 weeks.
29
Q

Why is there an increased number of capillaries from endurance training?

A
  • enhanced diffusion of oxygen

- increased removal of wastes

30
Q

All of the changes in increased endurance performance are due to…

A

Changes in muscle metabolism

31
Q

Mitochondrial Number & Performance: What are the 3 steps that ADP stimulates ATP production?

A
  1. ATP-PC
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
32
Q

What metabolic systems becomes the primary source during steady state?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

An increased number of mitochondria is observed after training: How does this affect the ADP needed to increase ATP production and VO2?

A

Lower ADP is needed to increase ATP production and VO2. (1 mitochondria splits into 2!)
PCr responds immediately to ADP and the need for ATP

34
Q

How is oxygen deficit affected after training?

A

It is lower after training due to:

  • same VO2 at lower ADP
  • energy requirement met by oxidative ATP production at the onset of exercise
  • faster rise in VO2 curve and steady state is reached earlier
35
Q

What are the results from having the oxygen deficit affected after training?

A
  • less lactate and H+ formation
  • less reliance on Anaerobic glycolysis
  • decrease in glycolytic enzymes (PFK)
  • less PC depletion
36
Q

Why are ADP levels at the same VO2 after training?

A

They are lower. It is accomplished by more mitochondria

37
Q

What are the end results of lower oxygen deficit after training?

A

Reach steady state quicker.

38
Q

ESSAY QUESTION!!!

Biochemical Adaptations and Plasma Gluecose Concentration

A

After endurance training there is an increased utilization of FAT and sparing of PLASMA GLUECOSE and MUSCLE GLYCOGEN.

39
Q

How is the increased utilization of FAT and sparing of PLASMA GLUECOSE and MUSCLE GLYCOGEN accomplished?

A
  1. Transportation of FFA into the muscle by: INCREASED capillary density and INCREASED fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid translocase
  2. Transportation of FFA from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria by: INCREASED mitochondrial number. (there are higher levels of CPT 1 and fatty acid translocase = faster transport to mitochondria)
  3. Mitochondrial oxidation of FFA by: INCREASED enzymes of beta oxidation. INCREASED rate of acetyl-CoA formation. HIGH CITRATE level inhibits PFK and glycolysis
40
Q

Biochemical Adaptations and Lactate: How is lactate produced?

A

Pyruvate + NADH = (LDH) = lactate + NAD

41
Q

How do we get lactate accumulation?

A

Production - removal (lactate shuttle and cori cycle)

42
Q

Endurance training causes adaptations that produce less blood lactate levels at the same workloads…

A

Blood lactate is affected by changes in production and removal.

Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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