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A-Level OCR Biology > Chapter 13 - Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Neuronal Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the stimulus of sight?

A

Light

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2
Q

What type of receptors are involved in sight?

A

Photoreceptors

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3
Q

Example of places where photoreceptors are found

A

Rods and cones

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4
Q

What is the stimulus of smell?

A

Chemicals

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5
Q

What type of receptors are involved in smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

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6
Q

Example of place where chemoreceptors are found

A

Nose

Tongue

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7
Q

What is the stimulus of hearing?

A

Sound waves

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8
Q

What type of receptors are involved in hearing?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

Example of places where mechanoreceptors are found

A

Cochlea

Skin

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10
Q

What is the stimulus of touch?

A

Pressure

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11
Q

What type of receptors are involved in touch?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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12
Q

What is the stimulus of taste?

A

Chemicals

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13
Q

What type of receptors are involved in taste?

A

Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

What do thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Heat

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15
Q

Where is the node of ravier?

A

The gap between myelin sheaths along the axon

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16
Q

Where is myelin sheaths found?

A

Around the axon

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17
Q

What do myelin sheaths do?

A

Act insulation for the axon, meaning electrical impulses cannot escape and increasing the speed of transmission

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18
Q

What is effect of greater axon diameter on speed of conduction/transmission?

A

A greater axon diameter = a faster speed of transmission of electrical impulses

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19
Q

3 examples of internal environments

A

Cell pH
Internal temperature
Blood glucose concentration

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20
Q

3 examples of external environments

A

Light intensity
External temperature
Sudden pressure

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21
Q

What two ways do animals react to environmental changes?

A

Through electrical impulses (via neurones)

Through chemical responses (via hormones)

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22
Q

How do plants react to environmental changes?

A

Through a variety of different chemical communication/response systems

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23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment within the body

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24
Q

How do nervous and hormonal systems coordinate activity on a cellular level?

A

Through cell signalling

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25
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

Where a cell releases a chemical which has an effect on another cell

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26
Q

What is the cell that responds to a cell signal called?

A

The target cell

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27
Q

Example of local cell signalling

A

Between neurones at synapses

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28
Q

How are cell signals transmitted over long distances?

A

Through the use of hormones

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29
Q

Example of long distance cell signalling

A

Pituitary gland secretes ADH which acts of cells in the kidney to control water levels

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30
Q

Do plants have a nervous system?

A

No. Instead they rely on hormones in coordinating responses to environmental changes

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31
Q

What makes up your CNS?

A

Your brain and spinal cord

32
Q

What makes up your PNS?

A

All the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. This includes the sensory and motor neurones

33
Q

What are the two functionally organised systems that make up nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system

34
Q

What are the two structurally organised systems that make up the nervous system?

A

The CNS and the PNS

35
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The system that is under conscious control i.e. it is used when you do something voluntarily e.g. when you more a muscle in your arm

36
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The system that is under subconscious control i.e. when your body does something automatic and involuntary e.g. your heart beating

37
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system further divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

38
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Fight or flight

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Rest and digest

40
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increases things like heart and respiratory rate, and releases stored glucose (energy), while inhibiting less important processes like digestion

41
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Decreases things like heart and respiratory rate, and increases processes like digestion and energy storage

42
Q

What is the brain responsible for?

A
  • Processing all information collected by receptor cells

- Receiving and processing information from the hormonal system

43
Q

What is the advantage of having a single central control centre for the whole body (the brain)?

A

Communication between the billions of neurones involved is much faster than if there were control centres for different functions

44
Q

What reaction does the brain not process?

A

Reflex reactions

45
Q

What are meninges?

A

The protective membrane around the brain

46
Q

What are the 5 main areas of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
47
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls voluntary actions, such as learning, memory, personality and conscious thought

48
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls unconscious functions, such as posture and balance

49
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Used in control of the autonomic nervous system, such as for controlling heart rate and breathing rate

50
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

The regulatory centre for temperature and water balance

51
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Stores and secretes hormones that regulate many body functions

52
Q

How does the cerebrum work?

A

It receives sensory information, interprets it and then sends impulses along motor neurones to effectors to produce an appropriate response

53
Q

What is the effect of the cerebrum being highly convoluted?

A

It increases its surface area significantly, increases its capacity for complex activity

54
Q

What is the cerebrum split it up into?

A

It is split into left and right halves known as cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

What is the significance of the different cerebral hemispheres?

A

Each hemisphere controls one half of the body, and has discrete areas which perform specific areas. These areas are mirrored in both halves

56
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The 2-4mm thick outer layer of the brain

57
Q

Where do the most sophisticated processes occur in the brain?

A

The frontal and prefrontal lobe

58
Q

Where does the left hemisphere receive impulses from?

A

From the right hand side of the body

59
Q

Where does the right hemisphere receive impulses from?

A

From the left hand side of the body

60
Q

What do sensory areas of the brain do?

A

Receive information about from receptor cells

61
Q

What do association areas of the brain do?

A

Information is analysed and then acted upon

62
Q

Does the cerebellum initiate movement?

A

No, it rather controls movement

63
Q

What may be one effect of a damaged cerebellum?

A

Jerky uncoordinated movement

64
Q

How many centres does the hypothalamus have?

A

2- one for the parasympathetic and one for the sympathetic nervous system

65
Q

What are 3 roles of the hypolthalamus?

A
  • Controlling complex patterns of behaviour e.g. sleeping and feeding
  • Monitoring the composition of blood plasma, such as the concentration of blood glucose + water
  • Producing hormones
66
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

The base of the hypothalamus

67
Q

What is the pituitary gland split up into?

A

The anterior (front) and posterior (back) pituitary

68
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do?

A

Produces 6 hormones, such as FSH (which is used in reproduction and growth hormones)

69
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

Stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus

70
Q

What is the main difference between normal actions and reflex actions?

A

Reflex actions do not involve conscious thought i.e. the nervous impulse does not travel to the brain; this allows for faster response times

71
Q

Summarise the steps of a reflex reaction

A

Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory neurone sends impulses to the spinal cord
Relay neurone passes impulses through and back out of the spinal cord
Motor neurone sends impulses to muscles
Effector contracts

72
Q

Give two common reflexes

A

Knee-jerk reflex

Blinking reflex

73
Q

What acts as the stimulus of the knee-jerk reflex?

A

The stretching of patellar tendon

74
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Make up the bulk of the body muscle tissue. Responsible for movement

75
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Muscle found only in the heart. They are myogenic, meaning they contract without the need for nervous stimulus

76
Q

What is involuntary muscle also known as?

A

Smooth muscle

77
Q

What is smooth/involuntary muscle?

A

Muscle found in many parts of the body e.g. in the walls of the stomach

A-Level OCR Biology (21 decks)

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