Chapter 13. Development of sex-related differences and gender roles

Question 1

Widely held beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females.

Answer 1

gender stereotypes.

Question 2

A reflection of gender stereotypes in everday behaviour

Answer 2

gender roles

Question 3

Perception of the self as reletively masculine or feminine in characteristics.

Answer 3

gender identity

Question 4

Refers broadly to any assosication of objects, activities, roles or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultral stereotypes of gender

Answer 4

gender typing

Question 5

Instrumental traits

Answer 5

reflecting competence, rationality, and assertivness, were regaurded as masculine:

Question 6

Expressive traits

Answer 6

Emphasising warmth, caring and sensitivity, were veiwed as feminine.

Question 7

An overlap in the characteristics of males and females

Answer 7

gender-stereotyping flexibility

Question 8

Scoring high on both masculine and femine personality characterisitics

Answer 8

androgyny

Question 9

Define gender constancy

Answer 9

a full understanding of the biologically based permancence of their gender, which combines three understandings; gender labing, gender stability and gender consistency

Question 10

What is Gender labeling

Answer 10

By the early preschool years, children can label their own sex and that of other correctly

Question 11

When older preschool aged kids have a partial understanding of the permanence of sex, in that they grasp its stability over time.

Answer 11

Gender stability

Question 12

During the late preschool and early school years, children understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses in cross-gender clothes or engages in nontraditional activities

Answer 12

Gender consistency

Question 13

What is gender intensification?

Answer 13

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviour, and movemnt toward a more traditional gender identity

Question 14

…………….. is an information processing approach that explains how environmental pressures and childrens cognitions work together to shape gender typing

Answer 14

Gender schema theory.
It also intergrates the various elements of gender typing- gender stereotyping, gender identity and gender roles adoption- into a unified picture of how masculine and feminine orientaions emerge and are often strongly maintained.