Chapter 1. History, Theory And Applied Directions

Question 1

Includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan

Answer 1

Developmental Science

Question 2

What are the Periods of Development?

Answer 2

The prenatal period: conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 yrs
Early childhood: 2 to 6 yrs
Middle childhood: 6 to 11 yrs
Adolescence : 11 to 18 yrs
Emerging adulthood: 18 to 25 yrs

Question 3

An area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence

Answer 3

Child Development

Question 4

An orderly integrated set if statements that describes, explains and predicts behaviour

Answer 4

A Theory

Question 5

A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there is begin with

Answer 5

Continuous Development

Question 6

What is Discontinuous Development?

Answer 6

A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Question 7

Define stages

Answer 7

Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling and behaving that characterise specific periods of development.

Question 8

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Answer 8

Contexts

Question 9

The debate whether genetic or environmental factors are more important in influancing development

Answer 9

Nature - Nurture Controversy

Question 10

The view that development has substantial ——— throughout life, as open to change and response to influential experiences.

Answer 10

Plasticity

Stability vs plasticity

Question 11

A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course if growth.

Answer 11

Maturation

Question 12

Measures of behaviour are taken on large numbers of individuals and age related averages are computed to represent typical development

Answer 12

Normative Approach

Question 13

Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the persons ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic perspective

Question 14

Ericksons theory that emphasised that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.

Answer 14

Psychosocial theory

Question 15

A theory that emphasises that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

Answer 15

Psychosexual theory

Freud. Id, ego, superego.

Question 16

What was Albert Bandura’s theory? And what did it emphasise ?

Answer 16

Social learning theory.

Modelling or observational learning.

Question 17

Define cognitive-development theory.

Answer 17

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
Piaget

Question 18

The human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows - a perspective called….

Answer 18

Information processing

Question 19

It brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child’s cognitive processing and behaviour patterns

Answer 19

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

Question 20

What is Ethology?

Answer 20

It is concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history

Question 21

A time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to enviromental influances.
However, its boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

Answer 21

A sensitive period

Question 22

What is Evolutionary developmental psychology?

Answer 22

It seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.

Question 23

……………………, focuses on how culture-the values, beliefs, cutoms, and skills of a social group - is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction - in particular, cooperative dialogues between children to aquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a comminity’s culture

Answer 23

Sociocultural threory

Question 24

The theory that views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

Answer 24

Ecological systems theory

Question 25

The innermost level of the environment, that consists of activities and interaction patterns in the childs immediate surroundings

Answer 25

The Mirosystem

Question 26

The Mesosystem

Answer 26

The second level of Bronfenbrenner’s model, the meso system, encompassses connections between mirosystems

Question 27

The…….consists of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect childrens experiences in the immediate setting

Answer 27

exosystem

Question 28

the outermost level of Bronfenbrenners model, the ………., consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

Answer 28

marcosystem

Question 29

Brofenbrenner called the temporal dimension of his model the ……………. Life changes can be imposed on the child or they can arise from within the child, since as children get older they select, modify and create many of their own settings and experiences.

Answer 29

chronosystems

Question 30

According to this perspective, the childs miond, body and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. The system is dynamic, or constantly in motion. A change in any part of it - from brain growth to psycial and social surroundings - disrupts the current organisim-environment relationship. When this happens, the child actively reorganises her behaviour so the components of the systems work toegther again but in a more complex effective way.

Answer 30

Dynamic systems perspective

Question 31

Societies were people think of themselves as seperate entities and largely concerned with their own personal needs.

Answer 31

individualist societies

Question 32

Societies were people define themslevs as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals

Answer 32

Collectivist societies