Chapter 13- Defense Flashcards
Antigen
Found in what 2 places?
Substances that cause the production of specific antibodies
- on the surface of the pathogen
- on the surface of an infected cell
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms
Antibodies
Substances that are produced in response to the presents of antigens
Nonspecific defense mechanisms
- Barriers
- proteins
- phagocytes
- inflammation
Barriers
1) Skin
Includes what?
Normal flore, sweat and sebum
2) respiratory tract
Includes what?
Cilia, mucous
3) GI tract
Includes what?
Enzymes, Stomach acid (HCl)
Proteins
Cytokines, complement
Phagocytes
Macrophages eat bacteria
How does inflammation work?
A histamine causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable letting fluid flow out of the capillaries into the local area which causes pain.
Inflammation
1) systemic
Includes what?
Pyrogens (fever)
2) local
Includes what?
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
Primary specific defense mechanism
What are the two types and two subtypes ?
First encounter
1) Cell mediated
2) antibody mediated-
* active immunity
* passive immunity
Secondary specific defense mechanism
Subsequent encounter
How does the Cell mediated defense mechanism work? (Primary)
1) Antigen ID is obtained by a helper T cell
2) on the surface of a (pathogen) infected macrophage
3) the helper T cell becomes an activated T cell
4) the activated T cell becomes 3 killer T cells and 1 memory T cell
5) the 3 killer T cells attack and destroy the infected pathogen and the pathogen inside
How does the Antibody mediated defense mechanism work? (Primary)
1) Antigen ID is obtained by a helper T cell
2) on the surface of the pathogen itself
3) the helper T cell becomes an activated B cell
4) the activated B cell becomes 3 B cells and 1 memory B cell
5) the 3 B cells become plasma cells
6) the plasma cells produce antibodies that fit on the antigen
7) this forms the antigen-antibody complex that destroys the pathogen
How long do these processes take ?
3-14 days to produce killer T cells or antibodies and fight off the pathogen. During this time the patient is ill.
Secondary defense mechanisms
1) cell mediated- As soon as you come into contact with that pathogen, the memory T cell automatically produces killer T cells and kill the macrophage and pathogen.
2) antibody mediated- the memory B cell automatically produces antibodies which form a complex on the pathogen and destroy it.
* the second time you do not get sick.
Active immunity
You produce the antibodies yourself by exposure to the disease or by vaccination. It is a life long immunity.
Passive immunity
You are given the antibodies by breast milk or by gamma globulin injection. Temporary immunity.
Vaccination
You produce antibodies to a dead or weakened Pathogen
Gamma globulin injection
You get a shot of antibodies
Cancer
Cancer cells bring forth foreign antigens but the immune system does not respond and will not produce antibodies against the cancer cell antigens and the cancer cells keep reproducing.
Autoimmune disease (RA or MS)
You make antibodies against your own antigens (which are not foreign) the antigen-antibody complexes cause tissue abnormalities.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Aggressive synovial membranes destroy joint surfaces.
Multiple sclerosis
Destruction of nerves disrupts electrical conduction in the CNS.
Organ transplants
An organ donor bring foreign antigens to the recipient who then produces antibodies against the antigens in the new organ and the antigen-antibody complex will cause rejection of the organ.
HIV
Causes AIDS which is a progressive failure of the immune system infecting important helper T cells.
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Rh incompatibility
An Rh- mother produces antibodies against an Rh+ fetus. The antibodies will attack the fetus in a second pregnancy.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
When a fetus dies from Rh incompatibility
Specific defense mechanisms
- Primary
* Secondary
Rifle with a scope defense refers to what?
Specific- antigens involved
Shotgun defense refers to what?
Nonspecific- no antigens involved
RhoGAM shot
For Rh- mothers
