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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13- Defense > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Defense Flashcards

0
Q

Antigen

Found in what 2 places?

A

Substances that cause the production of specific antibodies

  • on the surface of the pathogen
  • on the surface of an infected cell
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1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms

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2
Q

Antibodies

A

Substances that are produced in response to the presents of antigens

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3
Q

Nonspecific defense mechanisms

A
  • Barriers
  • proteins
  • phagocytes
  • inflammation
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4
Q

Barriers

A

1) Skin
Includes what?
Normal flore, sweat and sebum

2) respiratory tract
Includes what?
Cilia, mucous

3) GI tract
Includes what?
Enzymes, Stomach acid (HCl)

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5
Q

Proteins

A

Cytokines, complement

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6
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages eat bacteria

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8
Q

How does inflammation work?

A

A histamine causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable letting fluid flow out of the capillaries into the local area which causes pain.

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9
Q

Inflammation

A

1) systemic
Includes what?
Pyrogens (fever)

2) local
Includes what?

  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
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10
Q

Primary specific defense mechanism

What are the two types and two subtypes ?

A

First encounter

1) Cell mediated

2) antibody mediated-
* active immunity
* passive immunity

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11
Q

Secondary specific defense mechanism

A

Subsequent encounter

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12
Q

How does the Cell mediated defense mechanism work? (Primary)

A

1) Antigen ID is obtained by a helper T cell
2) on the surface of a (pathogen) infected macrophage
3) the helper T cell becomes an activated T cell
4) the activated T cell becomes 3 killer T cells and 1 memory T cell
5) the 3 killer T cells attack and destroy the infected pathogen and the pathogen inside

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13
Q

How does the Antibody mediated defense mechanism work? (Primary)

A

1) Antigen ID is obtained by a helper T cell
2) on the surface of the pathogen itself
3) the helper T cell becomes an activated B cell
4) the activated B cell becomes 3 B cells and 1 memory B cell
5) the 3 B cells become plasma cells
6) the plasma cells produce antibodies that fit on the antigen
7) this forms the antigen-antibody complex that destroys the pathogen

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14
Q

How long do these processes take ?

A

3-14 days to produce killer T cells or antibodies and fight off the pathogen. During this time the patient is ill.

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15
Q

Secondary defense mechanisms

A

1) cell mediated- As soon as you come into contact with that pathogen, the memory T cell automatically produces killer T cells and kill the macrophage and pathogen.
2) antibody mediated- the memory B cell automatically produces antibodies which form a complex on the pathogen and destroy it.
* the second time you do not get sick.

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18
Q

Active immunity

A

You produce the antibodies yourself by exposure to the disease or by vaccination. It is a life long immunity.

19
Q

Passive immunity

A

You are given the antibodies by breast milk or by gamma globulin injection. Temporary immunity.

20
Q

Vaccination

A

You produce antibodies to a dead or weakened Pathogen

21
Q

Gamma globulin injection

A

You get a shot of antibodies

22
Q

Cancer

A

Cancer cells bring forth foreign antigens but the immune system does not respond and will not produce antibodies against the cancer cell antigens and the cancer cells keep reproducing.

23
Q

Autoimmune disease (RA or MS)

A

You make antibodies against your own antigens (which are not foreign) the antigen-antibody complexes cause tissue abnormalities.

24
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Aggressive synovial membranes destroy joint surfaces.

25
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Destruction of nerves disrupts electrical conduction in the CNS.

26
Q

Organ transplants

A

An organ donor bring foreign antigens to the recipient who then produces antibodies against the antigens in the new organ and the antigen-antibody complex will cause rejection of the organ.

27
Q

HIV

A

Causes AIDS which is a progressive failure of the immune system infecting important helper T cells.

28
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

29
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

30
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

An Rh- mother produces antibodies against an Rh+ fetus. The antibodies will attack the fetus in a second pregnancy.

31
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

When a fetus dies from Rh incompatibility

34
Q

Specific defense mechanisms

A
  • Primary

* Secondary

42
Q

Rifle with a scope defense refers to what?

A

Specific- antigens involved

43
Q

Shotgun defense refers to what?

A

Nonspecific- no antigens involved

44
Q

RhoGAM shot

A

For Rh- mothers

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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