Chapter 1 - Introducing The Human Body Flashcards
Gross anatomy
Visible with the unaided eye
Used for dissection
Define anatomy and physiology
Anatomy- the science of body structure. (What)
Physiology- the study of body function. (How)
Microscopic anatomy
Focuses on structures that must be studied with microscopes
Cell biology
The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cells
Chemical elements
Pure chemical substances that make up all matter
98% of the body is made up of only what 6 elements?
- Oxygen
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- calcium
- phosphorus
Atom
The smallest amount of a chemical element
(The building blocks of all matter)*
Solids liquids and gases
Molecules
Form from combining atoms
For example: 2 atoms of hydrogen chemically combine with one atom of oxygen to produce water (H2O)
Cells
Building blocks of the body which are formed from atoms and molecules
The human body is composed of what?
About 100 trillion cells of many types such as bone, blood, and muscle cells.
Organelles
Specialized cell parts that make up the cell
Tissues
Similar cell types grouped together
The 4 main types of tissue are?
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
Organs
Different types of tissues grouped together
What organ consists of all 4 types of tissue, mostly muscle?
The heart
Organ (body) system
A group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions
Each organ system contributes to the dynamic, carefully balanced state of the body
Ion
An ion is an atom in the body that has a positive or negative charge
Chemical comound
A molecule that consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed proportion
NaCl
H2O
Inorganic compounds
Relatively small, simple compounds such as water, salts, simple acids
Inorganic compounds are required for…
Fluid balance, and many cell activities such as transporting materials through cell membranes
Organic compounds- and what are they?
Large, complex compounds containing carbon
These are the chemical building blocks ( structural components) of the body and also serve as fuel molecules that provide energy and also regulate and participate in thousands of chemical reactions necessary for life
What are the 4 groups of organic compounds?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
Fuel for the body
Lipids
Fats- components of cell membranes
Steroids- hormones
Proteins
Muscles, enzymes
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Used in genes
What are 2 very important nuclei acids?
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA
Makes up genes and contains the instructions for making all the proteins needed by the cell
RNA
Important in the process of manufacturing proteins
Metabolism
All processes that take place within the body
2 phases of metabolism
- Catabolism- the breaking down phase of metabolism
2. Anabolism- the building or synthetic phase of metabolism
Catabolism
Breaks down energy from food into ADP which gets stored as ATP (energy storage)
Anabolism
Releases ATP (stored energy) and builds it up to use in the body
Cellular respiration
During this process certain nutrients are used as fuel and are slowly broken down
Requires oxygen and nutrients
Homeostasis
An appropriate internal environment (a steady state)
Which can be maintained by body temperature for example
Maintains a balanced concentration of nutrients, oxygen, and other gases, ions, and various chemical compounds
Stressor
A stimulus that disrupts homeostasis and causes stress in the body
Negative feedback system
In a steady state, triggers a response that is opposite (negative) to the change and brings the condition back within normal limits
For example: body temperature, regulation of glucose in the blood, and regulation of blood pressure are negative feedback systems
Positive feedback system
The variation from the steady state sets off a series of events that intensify the changes
For example: delivery of a baby- as the baby’s head pushes against the cervix a reflex reaction causes it to contract and is repeated until the baby is born
Bilateral symmetry
Right and left halves (mirror images)
2 structures that characterize humans as vertebrates
- The cranium brain case)
2. Backbone (vertebral column)
Anatomical position
The boys is standing erect, eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward
Superior/Inferior
Toward the head (superior)
Toward the feet (inferior)
Cephalic/cranial
Caudal
Toward the skull
Toward the tail
Anterior/Posterior
Anterior- or ventral is the front (belly)
Posterior- or dorsal is the back (vertebral column)
Medial/Lateral
Closer to the midline
Toward one side of the body
Proximal/Distal
Closer to the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk
Further from the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk
Superficial/Deep
Structures located toward the surface of the body
Structures located further inward ( away from the surface) are deep
Frontal (coronal) plane
Midsagittal plane
Transverse (cross) plane
Front/back (anterior/posterior)
Left/right
Top/bottom (superior/inferior)
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheek
Carpal
Wrist
Celiac
Abdomen
Cervical
Neck
Costal
Ribs
Axial portion
Consists of the head, neck and trunk
Appendicular portion
Consists of the limbs
Torso portion
Consists of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Cubital
Elbow or forearm
Cutaneous
Skin
Femoral
Thigh part of the leg
Frontal
Forehead
Gluteal
Buttock
Groin
Depressed area between the abdomen and the thigh
Inguinal
Groin
Leg
From knee to foot
Lumbar
Loin, lower back
Occipital
Back of the head
Ophthalmic
Eyes
Orbital
Bony cavity containing the eyeball
Patellar
Knee
Pectoral
Chest
Pedal
Foot
Palmar
Palm
Perineal
Between the anus and the pubic arch
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Popliteal
Behind the knee
Sacral
Base of the spine
Tarsal
Ankle
Body cavities
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs or viscera
Dorsal cavity
Located near the dorsal (posterior) body surface
The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) canal
Ventral cavity
Located near the ventral (anterior) body surface
Devided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Pleural cavities
Each contain a lung and the mediastinum between them
Mediastinum
Holds the heart, thymus gland, and parts of the esophagus and trachea
Pericardial cavity
Also surrounds the heart
Abdominal cavity
Contains the stomach, small intestine, much of the large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and uterus
Pelvic cavity
Holds the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs (in females)
Scrotal cavity
Small out pocket containing the testes (in males)
Levels of organization
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Special energy-storage molecule
Body systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respitory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Immune
Integ.- Skin & protection Skelet.- Bones & support Muscle- Muscles & movement Nerve.- Brain, nerves & transmission of electricity Endo.- Glands & regulation Cardi.- Heart, vessels & transportation Resp.- Lungs & gas exchange Gastro.- GI tract & digestion, absorption Kid.- Kidneys & excretion Repo.- Gonads & reproduction Immu.- WBC's, antibodies & defense
RU quad.
LU quad.
RL quad.
Liver
Spleen
Appendix
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
Describe Inflammation
- Capillaries dilate and more blood flows to the area (erythema)
- causes the are area to get hot
- capillaries become more permeable letting fluid into the area (edema)
- causes pain
Supine
Facing up
Prone
Face down
Atoms nucleus
Positively charged protons
The same number of negative electrons balances out the atom
E- orbit around the nucleus P+
