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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introducing The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introducing The Human Body Flashcards

0
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Visible with the unaided eye

Used for dissection

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1
Q

Define anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy- the science of body structure. (What)

Physiology- the study of body function. (How)

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Focuses on structures that must be studied with microscopes

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3
Q

Cell biology

A

The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cells

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4
Q

Chemical elements

A

Pure chemical substances that make up all matter

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5
Q

98% of the body is made up of only what 6 elements?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. calcium
  6. phosphorus
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6
Q

Atom

A

The smallest amount of a chemical element

(The building blocks of all matter)*
Solids liquids and gases

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Form from combining atoms

For example: 2 atoms of hydrogen chemically combine with one atom of oxygen to produce water (H2O)

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8
Q

Cells

A

Building blocks of the body which are formed from atoms and molecules

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9
Q

The human body is composed of what?

A

About 100 trillion cells of many types such as bone, blood, and muscle cells.

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized cell parts that make up the cell

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11
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cell types grouped together

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12
Q

The 4 main types of tissue are?

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Nervous tissue
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Epithelial tissue
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13
Q

Organs

A

Different types of tissues grouped together

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14
Q

What organ consists of all 4 types of tissue, mostly muscle?

A

The heart

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15
Q

Organ (body) system

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions

Each organ system contributes to the dynamic, carefully balanced state of the body

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16
Q

Ion

A

An ion is an atom in the body that has a positive or negative charge

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17
Q

Chemical comound

A

A molecule that consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed proportion

NaCl
H2O

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18
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Relatively small, simple compounds such as water, salts, simple acids

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19
Q

Inorganic compounds are required for…

A

Fluid balance, and many cell activities such as transporting materials through cell membranes

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20
Q

Organic compounds- and what are they?

A

Large, complex compounds containing carbon

These are the chemical building blocks ( structural components) of the body and also serve as fuel molecules that provide energy and also regulate and participate in thousands of chemical reactions necessary for life

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21
Q

What are the 4 groups of organic compounds?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

Fuel for the body

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Fats- components of cell membranes

Steroids- hormones

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24
Q

Proteins

A

Muscles, enzymes

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25
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

Used in genes

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26
Q

What are 2 very important nuclei acids?

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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27
Q

DNA

A

Makes up genes and contains the instructions for making all the proteins needed by the cell

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28
Q

RNA

A

Important in the process of manufacturing proteins

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29
Q

Metabolism

A

All processes that take place within the body

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30
Q

2 phases of metabolism

A
  1. Catabolism- the breaking down phase of metabolism

2. Anabolism- the building or synthetic phase of metabolism

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31
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down energy from food into ADP which gets stored as ATP (energy storage)

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32
Q

Anabolism

A

Releases ATP (stored energy) and builds it up to use in the body

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33
Q

Cellular respiration

A

During this process certain nutrients are used as fuel and are slowly broken down

Requires oxygen and nutrients

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34
Q

Homeostasis

A

An appropriate internal environment (a steady state)

Which can be maintained by body temperature for example

Maintains a balanced concentration of nutrients, oxygen, and other gases, ions, and various chemical compounds

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35
Q

Stressor

A

A stimulus that disrupts homeostasis and causes stress in the body

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36
Q

Negative feedback system

A

In a steady state, triggers a response that is opposite (negative) to the change and brings the condition back within normal limits

For example: body temperature, regulation of glucose in the blood, and regulation of blood pressure are negative feedback systems

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37
Q

Positive feedback system

A

The variation from the steady state sets off a series of events that intensify the changes

For example: delivery of a baby- as the baby’s head pushes against the cervix a reflex reaction causes it to contract and is repeated until the baby is born

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38
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Right and left halves (mirror images)

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39
Q

2 structures that characterize humans as vertebrates

A
  1. The cranium brain case)

2. Backbone (vertebral column)

40
Q

Anatomical position

A

The boys is standing erect, eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward

41
Q

Superior/Inferior

A

Toward the head (superior)

Toward the feet (inferior)

42
Q

Cephalic/cranial

Caudal

A

Toward the skull

Toward the tail

43
Q

Anterior/Posterior

A

Anterior- or ventral is the front (belly)

Posterior- or dorsal is the back (vertebral column)

44
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Closer to the midline

Toward one side of the body

45
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

Closer to the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk

Further from the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk

46
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

Structures located toward the surface of the body

Structures located further inward ( away from the surface) are deep

47
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

Midsagittal plane

Transverse (cross) plane

A

Front/back (anterior/posterior)

Left/right

Top/bottom (superior/inferior)

48
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

49
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

50
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

51
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

52
Q

Celiac

A

Abdomen

53
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

54
Q

Costal

A

Ribs

55
Q

Axial portion

A

Consists of the head, neck and trunk

56
Q

Appendicular portion

A

Consists of the limbs

57
Q

Torso portion

A

Consists of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

58
Q

Cubital

A

Elbow or forearm

59
Q

Cutaneous

A

Skin

60
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh part of the leg

61
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

62
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

63
Q

Groin

A

Depressed area between the abdomen and the thigh

64
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

65
Q

Leg

A

From knee to foot

66
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin, lower back

67
Q

Occipital

A

Back of the head

68
Q

Ophthalmic

A

Eyes

69
Q

Orbital

A

Bony cavity containing the eyeball

70
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

71
Q

Pectoral

A

Chest

72
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

73
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

74
Q

Perineal

A

Between the anus and the pubic arch

75
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

76
Q

Popliteal

A

Behind the knee

77
Q

Sacral

A

Base of the spine

78
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

79
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs or viscera

80
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Located near the dorsal (posterior) body surface

The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) canal

81
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Located near the ventral (anterior) body surface

Devided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

82
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

83
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Each contain a lung and the mediastinum between them

84
Q

Mediastinum

A

Holds the heart, thymus gland, and parts of the esophagus and trachea

85
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Also surrounds the heart

86
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains the stomach, small intestine, much of the large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and uterus

87
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Holds the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs (in females)

88
Q

Scrotal cavity

A

Small out pocket containing the testes (in males)

89
Q

Levels of organization

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
90
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Special energy-storage molecule

91
Q 
Body systems:
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Respitory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Immune
A 
Integ.- Skin & protection
Skelet.- Bones & support
Muscle- Muscles & movement
Nerve.- Brain, nerves & transmission of electricity
Endo.- Glands & regulation
Cardi.- Heart, vessels & transportation
Resp.- Lungs & gas exchange
Gastro.- GI tract & digestion, absorption
Kid.- Kidneys & excretion
Repo.- Gonads & reproduction 
Immu.- WBC's, antibodies & defense
92
Q

RU quad.

LU quad.

RL quad.

A

Liver

Spleen

Appendix

93
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
94
Q

Describe Inflammation

A
  • Capillaries dilate and more blood flows to the area (erythema)
  • causes the are area to get hot
  • capillaries become more permeable letting fluid into the area (edema)
  • causes pain
95
Q

Supine

A

Facing up

96
Q

Prone

A

Face down

97
Q

Atoms nucleus

A

Positively charged protons

The same number of negative electrons balances out the atom
E- orbit around the nucleus P+

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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