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Chapter 13: Congress Flashcards

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1
Q

How can you become a member of parliament?

A

get a party to put your name on the ballot
generally local party does what it wants, but sometimes national party HQ will come in and suggest names
voters vote for parties rather than personalities

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2
Q

How do you become a MoC?

A

run in a primary
political parties rarely choose who is nominated
Personality plays a huge role, as well as positions on issues
party label affects, but lots vote for person

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3
Q

Who tends to be more loyal to party, MPs or MoCs?

A

MPs
congress, like the office, is full of big personalities
parliament is like lotal people who like debate party issues and vote on them
congress is like regional.local interests as well

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4
Q

What can MPs do?

A

support the government or not
if the party’s act isn’t together, then the leaders of the government lose office
so, if you vote against the party, you will like not be allowed to sit at the cool kids table

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5
Q

True or false: Not being able to choose exec branch makes Congress less powerful

A

false, it makes them more powerful
they can vote however they like without worrying that the government to collapse or that they will be removed from the ballot `

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6
Q

What is like the daily activity of parliament?

A

debate

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7
Q

What is the principal work of Congress?

A

representation and action

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8
Q

What perks do MPs get?

A

um like a little bit of stationary and maybe a free phone call or two
they get like a desk
little power

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9
Q

What perks do MoC/s get?

A 
like money 
large office 
staff 
allowances for like travel and stuff 
franking privilege 
with seniority, you get like even more
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10
Q

franking privilege

A

MoCs can send free mail

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11
Q

Is Congress centralized or decentralized? why?

A

decentralized
MoCs are more concerned with their own constituencies
don’t care as much about whether pres succeds becuase they are independent

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12
Q

What things do people don’t like that Congress does?

A

political arguments
special interest groups
all the pulling and hauling that precedes decisions

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13
Q

bicameral legislature

A

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

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14
Q

Why did the framers choose to have the legislativ powers in a Congress not a parliament?

A
  1. they didn’t want to have all the powers in one body because like mob rule or something
  2. they had to please both the big and small states
    powers shared with pres (he can veto)
    limited powers
    subject to SC
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15
Q

Criticisms of Congress

A

endless
can’t act quickly or plant quickly
debate between centralization and decentralization

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16
Q

What has the general trend in house leadership been>

A

toward decentralizing decision-making and enhancing the power of the individual at the expense of leadership

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17
Q

Is decentralization in the HOuse inevitable>

A

No, MA and NY and Indiana have super strong leadership, most likely because of stronger parties (mostly though because those leaders are in charge of committee chairs and like favor doling outing)

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18
Q

Has the house always been led in the same way?

A

not even a little bit all over the place

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19
Q

Phase One of the House: The Powerful HOuse

A

Way cooler than the Senate

asserted independence from Prezzzz

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20
Q

Phase Two of the HOuse: The Divided House

A

Jackson asserted prez power
slavery divided parites
weak leadership
1820s

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21
Q

Phase Three of the House: The Speaker Rules

A

Toward the end of the nineteenth century
Speaker gains power
Thomes Reed
right to select chairmen and members of commitrees
Rulessss

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22
Q

Phase Four of the House: The HOuse Revolts

A

Rvolted against “Czar” Cannon
speaker lost the power to appoint chairmen and removed from Rules Committee
60s and 70s revolt against leadership in general

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23
Q

Phase Five of the House: The Members Rule

A

In 60s, Dems had trouble passing civil rights legislation because of Repub committee chairs so they changed the rules so that chairs lost authority
had to be elected, not seniorty
couldn’t just not call meetings, more meetings public
subcommittees more staff for members

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24
Q

Phase Six of The House: The Leadership Returns

A

House wasn’t getting as much done, so efforts emerged to give SPeaker more power
reduce comms and subcomms
Newt Gingrich

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25
Q

What fundamental problems does the HOuse face?

A

it wants to be big and powerful
Mems want to be powerful as individuals and groups
size makes it hard to be powerful unless a small group runs it, which takes away power from the infividual, if individual has more power, then the House is harder to run and then it has less power in gov

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26
Q

What is the equivalent of the Rules Committee in the Senate?

A

there is none

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27
Q

What big changes occured in the Senate?

A

how members should be chosen
state legislatures (#Millionaire’sClub) vs popular election
filibuster

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28
Q

filibuster

A

an attempt to defeat a bill in the senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action to the bill

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29
Q

marginal districts

A

POlitical districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically by less than 55% of the vote

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30
Q

safe districts

A

Districts in which the incumbents win by margins of 55% bor more

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31
Q

Conservative coalition

A

an alliance between Republicans and conservative democrats

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32
Q

Majority leader

A

the legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the HOuse or the Senate

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33
Q

Minority leader

A

The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the HOuse or the Senate

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34
Q

Whip

A

a senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking

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35
Q

party polarization

A

a vote in which a majority of democratic legislator oppose a majority of Republican legislators

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36
Q

caucus

A

an association of Congress members created to advance a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest

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37
Q

Standing Committees

A

Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area

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38
Q

Select Committees

A

Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose

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39
Q

Joint committeees

A

committees on which both senators and representatives serve

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40
Q

Conference committees

A

a joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the Senate and House versions of the same bill

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41
Q

public bill

A

a legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern

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42
Q

private bill

A

a legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters

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43
Q

Simple resolution

A

an expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body

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44
Q

Concurrent resolution

A

an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate, but not the president

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45
Q

Joint resolution

A

a formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the President; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the prez

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46
Q

Multiple referral

A

a congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees

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47
Q

Sequential Referral

A

a congressional process by which a speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting

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48
Q

Discharge petition

A

a device by which any member of the HOuse, after a sommittee has had the bill for thirty days, mat petition to have it brought to the floor

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49
Q

Closed rule

A

an order from the House Rules cOmmittee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor

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50
Q

Open rule

A

an order gtom the HOuse Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor

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51
Q

restrictive rule

A

an order form the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor

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52
Q

Quorum

A

the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress

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53
Q

Quorum call

A

a roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present

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54
Q

Cloture rule

A

a rule used by the senate to end or limit debate

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55
Q

Double-tracking

A

a procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business

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56
Q

voice bote

A

a Congressional voting procedure in which members shout “yea” or “nay” in disapproval, permitting memebers to vote quickly or anonymously on bills

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57
Q

Division vote

A

a congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted

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58
Q

Teller vote

A

A congressional voting procedure in which memebrs pass between two tellers, the “yeas” first and the”nays” second

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59
Q

roll-call vote

A

A congressional voting procedure that consists of members ansering “yea” or “nay” to their names

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60
Q

pork-barrel legislation

A

legislation that gives tangible benefits to constitutents in severeal districts or states in hopes of winning their vote in return

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61
Q

franking privilege

A

the ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage

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62
Q

Did the 17th Amendement cahnge the composition of the Senate?

A

not really

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63
Q

true or false: over time, congress is becoming less male and less white

A

true

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64
Q

When did carrer politicains become a thing and why wasn’t it before?

A

In the 1950s

travel to DC was difficult, no one wanted to lvie there, it didn’t pay well, and districts were competitive

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65
Q

Why were there more 1st term MoCs in 1992 and 1994?

A
  1. 1990 census led to redrawing and old members were like oops I can’t win here
  2. voters were not happy with scnadals so outsiders were cool
  3. Republican wave
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66
Q

Which body has more safe districts, the house of the senate?

A

the house

67
Q

Why are districts becoming safer?

A

tv and media?
voters less likely to just support party and have name recognition?
can benefit districts with power?

68
Q

Which party has been more successful at controlling Congress?

A

Dems

69
Q

Why are Dems more successful?

A

lesilatures draw seats to win more easilt?

dems do better in low turnout areas

70
Q

Why did Dem domintation end?

A
  1. incumbency became disadvantage (voters fon’t like prof politicians) who can’t clean up wash– tons of scandals occuring while dems majority0
    redistricting
    South shifts Repub
71
Q

Representational View

A

vote to please constituents because members want to get reelected
case when constituents have a clear view and will hear about vote
civil rights
problem:: pub op not always clear or strong

72
Q

Organizational View

A

most constituents don’t know how legislator votes, don’t need to please them, so they want to please other MoCs to get power and status, especially leadership
party is the factor that most explains voting record

73
Q

Attitudinal View

A

many conflicting pressures on MoCs that cancel out, so they vote based on their own beleifs
senators more ideological

74
Q

Are MoCs from marginal districts more likely to vote the way constituents want?

A

nope (maybe because district is more divided)

75
Q

Senate Phase 1:

A

50s and early 60s conservative and cautious

club after loyalty to conservative customs

76
Q

Senate Phase 2

A

Mid 60s dems are in town and Johnson
easier for junior members to become chairs
decntralization

77
Q

Senate Phase 3:

A

lates 70s 80s liberals lost

more conservative and ideological not gentlemant club

78
Q

What are some consequences of polarization?

A

MoCs do not get along as well with members who disagree and are more likely to like go after one another

79
Q

True or False: Congress is a single organization

A

false, it is a collction of lots of organizations

80
Q

True or False: the House of Commons finds one organization important

A

true, the party

81
Q

President pro tempore of the senate

A

chosen by the majority party
largely honorific
often most senior member
presides in absence of VP 3rd in line of pres succession

82
Q

True or false; people relish presiding over senate

A

false they dislike it immensely, and it often is passed to junior members

83
Q

What is the principal task of the majority leader in senate?

A

schedule the biz of the senate, usually consulting minority leader
can do a lot more id skilled

84
Q

Policy Committee

A

a dozen or so senators who help leader schedule biz in senate
each party has one

85
Q

Steering Committee

A

the Sem party committee that assigns senators to standing committees

86
Q

Committee on Committees

A

the Repub party committee that assigns senators to standing committees

87
Q

What is the benefit of having tiny majority in Senate?

A

not voting— filibuster remember??

party controls chairs

88
Q

What is the key to selecting key party leaders, making up party committees, and assigning freshman senators to committees?

A

ideological and regional balance

89
Q

Where does leadership carry more weight, the house or the senate? explain your answer

A

the house

the rules, debate is restricted due to large and size and the schedule is done very carefully

90
Q

Who is the most important person in the House?

A

the Speaker

91
Q

The Speaker of the House

A

elected by majority party, presides over meeetings, principal leader of majority party, presides over entire house
he decides who is recognized to speak on the floor of the HOuse
he rules whether a motion is germane to what is happening like then and there
decides (with some rules that must be followed) the committees to which new bills should be assigned
influences what bills are brought up to vote
appoints members of select and special committees
nominate the majority-party members to the rules committee

Informal Powers: controls some patronage jobs in the Capitol an doffice space

92
Q

True or false: if the party is still in power, the majority leader typically becomes speaker after the speaker departs

A

true

93
Q

How does each party in the house help members with election/reelection?

A

congressional campaigns committees funnel funds and assistance to them

94
Q

What is a measure of the parties/party leaders?

A

ability to get memebrs to bote together on rules and structure of congress

95
Q

Has the changes in how members behave in the Senate been the subject of complex votes?

A

Nah, they have changing norms which make it more friendly, with less party/leadership focus, more staff, and more subcomms

96
Q

What is the difference between the party splits of today and the past?

A

Past- more machine politics

today- more ideological

97
Q

Is the relationship between dems and repubs becoming more adversarial?

A

yes, esp in the House

98
Q

Is the voting in Congress unimodal or bimodal?

A

bimodal for sure most dems bote one way and repubs vote another

99
Q

If people are generally more toward the center, why are representatives more extreme?

A

some say voters are becoming more partisan, possibly because of the way districts are drawn, primaries, with most ideological voters, may matter more
or possibly because they are following congress’s lead
or possibly because of seniority

100
Q

True or false: most house districts are competivite

A

FALSE

the primary is the one that matters more

101
Q

Does the party make a difference

A

yes, not as much as in the pat, but affiliation is still most important thing to know about a MoC

102
Q

True or False: Caucuses are growing as a rival to the parties as a source of policy leadership

A

true

103
Q

Intraparty Caucus

A

formed by members with similar ideologies

ex. Dem study group for liberals

104
Q

Personal-interest caucuses

A

common interest in an issue

ex. the arts

105
Q

Constituency caucuses

A

represent certain groups, regions, or both

Congressional black Caucus

106
Q

What do MoCs gain from Congress?

A

info, being identified as a leader, show they care about an issue

107
Q

What is the most important organizational feature of COngress?

A

the legislative committees of the House and Senate, where the real work of Congress is done and where, on the chairs, most power is found

108
Q

Why do MoCs care about the number and jurisdiction of legislative comms?

A

decisions on these sujects determine what group of members and ideolofy will pass on proposals, oversee agencies, and conduct investigations

109
Q

Does the majority party normally take all the comm seats?

A

nope, usually the majority of seats on each comm and the chairs, generally in a proportional way but not in the comms that are like where it is at ex. Ways and Means (may take a few more seats)

110
Q

What are the exclusive comms in the HOuse and what does that mean?

A

Ways and Means, Rules, and appropriations

members can only serve on this comm

111
Q

Which comms are imp?

A

standing, they are the only ones that can relaly propose legislation

112
Q

How many comms does a House member usually serve on?

A

two standing or one exclusive

113
Q

How many comms does a Senator usually serve on?

A

two major

one minor

114
Q

Important House rules

A

Comm charimen elected by sec ballot in part caucus
no member to chair multiple comms
all comms with more than twenty members need at least for subs
comm and personal staffs increase
comm meetings public unless member vote says no

115
Q

Important Senate rules

A

Comm meeting public unless members vote to change
comm chairmen seleced by sec ballot at request of 1/5 of party caucus
comms have larfer staff
only chair one comm

116
Q

What did the changes in House and Senate do?

A

more powers to members, decentralization, more power to individual members
harder for chairs to block what they don’t like , lost power, dems like eh, used more restrictive rules

117
Q

proxy votes

A

written authorization to cast votes for others

118
Q

Reublican Changes in HOuse in 1995

A 
Banned proxy voting 
limited comm and subcomm chairmanship to 6 years and speaker to 8 years 
more frequent floor debate
reduced comms and subcomms 
chairs can hire subcomm staffs
119
Q

Reublican Changes in Senate in 1995

A

six year term limit on all chairmen (not maj leader)

requirement that comms select chairs by secret ballot

120
Q

Has the number of staff members been increasing or decreasing?

A

increasing

121
Q

What are major functions of MoC’s staff?

A

solve constituent problems and help them get reelected
many are local
legislative function- members on too many comms to know everything, need staff to help deal with all of that
advocacy role- work for individual member, find and promote legislation that the boss can take credit for
entrepreneurial function- find policy and sell to boss

122
Q

Why ever larger staff?

A

increasing staff creates conditions that cll for larger staffs more people, more legislation, more work

123
Q

How has staff changed Congress?

A

less likely to act face to face, use staff, more individual, less deliberative

124
Q

Congressional Research Service

A

CRS part of Lib of Congress
responds to requests for info
politically neural
keeps info on bills

125
Q

Why more staff agencies?

A

attempt to give COngress the specialized knowledge of the President

126
Q

General Accounting Office

A

GAO
audits of the money spent by execs
investigates agencies and policies and makes recs on aspects of gov

127
Q

Office of Technology Assessment

A

OTA

study and evaluate policies with a significant use of or impact on tech abolished

128
Q

Congressional Budget Office

A

CBO

advises Congress on the likely economic effects of differnt spending programs and indo on the costs of proposed policies

129
Q

Do all bills trudge through slowly?

A

Nope, speed varies considerably

130
Q

Which bills tend to moce slowly?

A

spend lots of money, tax or regulate biz

131
Q

Which bills tend to move quickly?

A

clear appealing idea that will come cheaply (or at low gov cost)

132
Q

Who can introduce a bill?

A

any MoC

133
Q

How do you introduce a bill in the house?

A

handing it a clerk or putting it in the hopper

134
Q

How do you introduce a bill in the senate?

A

recognizing the presiding officer and announcing the intro

135
Q

What happens after the bill is introduced?

A

it is given a number and the appropriate prefix (HR for house and S for Senate)

136
Q

Does pending legislation carry over from one congress to the next?

A

nope

137
Q

True or false: ledislation is intiated by prez and enacted by congress

A

false
more complicated
congress frequently initiates, prez often bases of congressional bills or consults with house, and he needs a MoC to introduce

138
Q

Who refers the bill to a committee for consideration after it is given a number?

A

the speaker or the presding officer (house or senate)

sometimes there is a choice

139
Q

Where must revenue bills originate?

A

the house

140
Q

True or false: most bills die in committee

A

true

141
Q

What happens in committee?

A

hearings which are relatively extensive

these hearings fragment the process of considering bills

142
Q

Can a bill not go to a primary comm?

A

Yes, under extraordinary circumstances

143
Q

What happens after the hearings?

A

the committees have mark up sessions to revise and add thigns to the bill, may be extensive
only added to bill if approved by the house that they are a part of
if comm approves, it goes to floor with a report explaining why they like the bill and what changes they want made

144
Q

True or false: discharge often occurs

A

no, in the house dischare positions are rarely used

in senate dischage is moot becuase they can add bills to other bills

145
Q

What must happen for a bill to go to a house?

A

it goes on a calendar

146
Q

True or false, once a bill is on the calendar, it is considered

A

false, the calendar doesn’t go in chronological order/ doesn’t guarantee consideration
the Rules Committee in the house deals with how the bill is looked at on the floor
in the Senate, bills are considered whenever most people want in theory, but in actuality many interests must be dealt with

147
Q

How can the rules Comm be bypassed?

A

MoC moves for suspension, 2/3 agree
2. discharge petition
Calendar Wednesday procedure

148
Q

Calendar wednesday procedure

A

committee can bring up a bill on the comm calendar action must happen that day, which makes it like not very useful

149
Q

Committee of the Whole

A

who in the HOuse is on the floor at the time
debates, amends, and generally decides the final shape of the bill
can’t pass it
to pass, need to report the bill back to the house for final action to occur
comm sponsoring the bill guides discussion

150
Q

riders

A

amendments that are not germane

151
Q

Christmas Tree bills

A

lots of riders

152
Q

True or false: floor debate is more casual in the senate

A

true

153
Q

Senate floor debate rules

A

only limited by cloture
members can speak for as long as they can stand
doesn’t need to be relevant
anyone can offer an amendment, riders are all right

154
Q

Can a senator add non germane amendments to an appropriations bill?

A

no

155
Q

True or false: the senate can bypass the committee process if the House has passed the bill

A

true, it go right on the calendar

156
Q

True or false: filibusters and cloture votes are more common

A

true

157
Q

Which votes give you a house member’s record?

A

teller and roll call votes

158
Q

True or false: the use of the roll call vote has been increasing

A

true

159
Q

True or false: the conference reports favor the house bill

A

false, they slightly favor the senate bill

160
Q

What is the most treasured perk of MoC’s?

A

the frank

161
Q

Why should Congress be exempted from following the law?

A

because the prez enforces the law and you can’t have this overreach of exec power

162
Q

Bipartistaion Congressional Accountability Act

A

created the independent Office of Compliance and an employee grievance procedure to deal with implementation

163
Q

Is pork a necessity?

A

yes
obtain votes from MoCs
helps constitutnets

164
Q

Criticisms of Congress

A

body can’t plan, can’t act quickly enough, can’t change how it is organized

like on purpose

Gov (13 decks)

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