Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Flashcards
People of approximately the same age and status who are unrelated to one another
Peers
Voluntary activities, particularly those of children with no specific motivation beyond their inherent enjoyment
Play
A person with whom an individual has an intimate, reciprocated, positive relationship
Friend
Repeated and intentional harassment or mistreatment of an individual via digital devices such as cell phones, computers, and tablets
Cyberbullying
A kind of aggression that involves excluding others from the social group and attempting to do harm to other people’s relationships; it includes spreading rumors about peers withholding friendship to inflict harm and ignoring peers when angry or frustrated or trying to get one’s own way
Relational Aggression
A measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group
Sociometric Status
Children or adolescents who are view positively by many peers and view negatively by a few peers
Popular
Children or adolescents who are like by few peers and disliked by many peers
Rejected
Children who are viewed by the peers as especially prone to physical aggression, disruptive behavior, delinquency, and negative behavior such as hostility and threatening others
Aggressive-rejected (peer status)
Rejected children who are socially withdrawn wary, and often timid
Withdrawn-rejected
Children or adolescents who are infrequently mentioned as either liked or disliked; they simply are not noticed much by peers
Neglected
Children or adolescents who are liked by quite a few peers and are disliked by quite a few others
Controversial
An area of social knowledge based on concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights; these concepts apply across contexts and supersede rules or authority
Moral domain
An area of social knowledge that encompasses concepts regarding the rules and conventions through which societies maintain other
Societal domain
An area of social knowledge that pertains to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration; there are no right or wrong choices
Personal domain
An internal regulatory mechanism that increases an individual’s ability to conform to standards of conduct accepted in their culture
Conscience
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing with, and comforting others
Prosocial behavior
A program targeting all individuals in a particular setting in order to prevent the occurrence of a problematic behavior or condition
Primary prevention
A program designed to help individuals at risk for developing a problem or condition, with the goal of preventing the problem or condition
Secondary prevention
Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behavior that violates social norms or rules and that harms or takes advantage of others
Anti-social behavior
Behavior aimed at physically or emotional harming or injuring others
Aggression
A program designed to help individuals who already exhibit a problem or condition
Tertiary intervention
Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
Instrumental aggression
A disorder characterized by age-inappropriate and persistent displays of angry, defiant, and irritable behaviors
Oppositional defiant disorder
A disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others
Conduct disorder
Emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by one’s perception that other people’s motives are hostile
Reactive aggression
Unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire
Proactive aggression
An approach to youth intervention that focuses on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than on
Positive youth development
A strategy for promoting positive youth development that integrates school-based instruction with community involvement in order to promote civic responsibility and enhance learning
Service learning
Distinction between genetic females and males as well as other genetic sex compositions
Sex
Social assignment or self-categorization as a “girl” or “boy”
Gender
Individuals who identify with their gender assigned at birth
Cisgender
Individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth
Transgender
Individuals who do not identify exclusively as one gender; also referred to as gender queer
Nonbinary
Individuals who self-identify with different gender categories depending on context
gender-fluid
Individuals who identify with two genders
Bigender
Individuals who do not identify with an gender category
Agender
Process of gender socialization
Gender typing
Behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender
Gender-typed
Behaviors stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person
Cross-gender-typed
Individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender
Gender nonconforming
Magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions
Effect size
Stastical method use to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies
Meta-analysis
Class of steroid honorees that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than in females an that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward
Androgens
Potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during parental development or at puberty
Organizing influences
Potential result or certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavior responses
Activating influences
Active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs
Self-socialization
Self-identifying as a boy or a girl
Gender identity
Awareness that gender remains the same over time
Gender stability
Realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior
Gender constancy
Organized mental representations
gender schemas
Initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender
Gender schema filter
Initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting
Interest filter
Learning through direct teaching
Tuition
Learning to take into account the reactions one’s past behavior has evoked in others
Enactive experience
Learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions
Observational learning
Tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the in-group more positively than or as superior to those of the outgroup
In-group bias
Process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the in-group
In-group assimilation
The interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation and class
Intersectionality
The economic and social resources offered by the microsystem in the bio ecological model, and people’s understanding of those resources
Opportunity structure
Children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers
Gender segregation
Tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors
Assertion
Tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic or supportive
Affilation
Coordination or assertion and affiliation in behavior, such as making initiatives for joint activity
Collaboration
Heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence
Gender-role intensification
Model of sexism that includes two components, hostile sexism and benevolent sexism
Ambivalent sexism
Recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption or more flexible attitudes and interests
Gender-role flexibility
Rare conditions in which an individual of one genetic sex can develop genitalia associated with the other sex, both genetic sexes, or undergo only partial development or genitalia associated with the genetic sex
Intersex conditions
Condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotypes play in genetic females
CAH (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
Condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding the formation of male external genitalia, in these cases, the child may be born with female external genitalia
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes
Puberty
Onset of menstruation
Menarche
Onset of capacity for ejaculation
Spermarche
An individual’s perception of and feeling about, her or his own body
Body image
Period prior to the emergence of visibly signs of puberty during which the adrenal glands mature
Adrenarche
Which of the following is not true about how young children form friendships?
Shy children are usually friends with children who are not shy
Shawn is well-liked by many of the boys on his soccer team but disliked by many of the girls in class whom he and his friends pick on. Shawn is best classified as what kind of child?
Controversial
Why has Piaget’s theory of moral development been rejected?
He underestimated children’s understanding of intentionality.
In response to Kohlberg’s Heinz dilemma, how might a child in the conventional level respond?
Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because it’s against the law to steal.
By what age do children demonstrate concern for a person who is upset or hurt?
14 months
Which of the following is an example of “deviancy training”?
Johnny pushes a peer and encourage his friend Josh to do the same.
True or False: Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
True
Developmentalists ask children to rate how much they like or dislike each of their classmates in order to assess “peer status” (how popular or rejected one is by peers). Information from this assessment is used to calculate a child’s
sociometric status
Why is effect size a valuable statistic when looking at gender differences in children?
It shows that gender differences may be present, but they aren’t large enough to be meaningful.
Sophie puts on her father’s tie and shoes and walks around the house yelling, “Look! I’m a boy now.” According to Kohlberg, Sophie has not yet reached what stage of gender understanding?
Gender constancy
What role do gender segregated groups play in children’s development?
They enforce the use of gender-typed behaviors.
Which of the following is NOT true about the debate of nature vs. nurture?
All genes have been expressed by the time a child is born.
In many Nordic countries, babies regularly sleep outside in their strollers, even during winter. On the other hand, in the United States, babies regularly sleep indoors in cribs. This difference and its effect on children’s development best captures what theme of child development?
Sociocultural context
Which of the following best reflects to concept of nonbinary in relations to people’s gender categorization of themselves?
individuals who do not identify exclusively as one gender; also referred to as genderqueer
Another term for “gender socialization” during development is:
gender-typing
Which of the following is NOT a theoretical approach used to investigate gender development in developmental psychology?
all of the above are theoretical approaches used in the study of gender developpment
Devin and Simon are building block towers. They each work on their own towers, without talking to one another about them. This is an example of what type of play?
Parallel play
The “rich-get-richer” hypothesis of media use in peer relationships argues that:
Youth with high social skills use technology to support their friendships.
Children with higher levels of prosocial behavior also have:
More supportive parents
What does research on intersex conditions conclude about prenatal gender development?
Androgens are one of the factors related to gender identity.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of stage theories?
Stage theories can only explain cognitive development.
According to your textbook, studies looking at infants’ perception of gender features utilize this classic infant perception paradigm:
Habituation
A mental disorder listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and involves antisocial behavior is:
conduct disorder
Choose the best answer. According to your textbook the following types of aggression are displayed by preschoolers:
both instrumental and relational aggression
Which of the following is not a stage or level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
preoperational
Studies of sociometric status within peer groups suggest that “controversial children”:
are both liked and disliked by quite a few peers
The final chapter of your textbook reviews themes we have discussed in developmental psychology. Which theme includes the following concluding idea: “the effects of experience on development depend on the state of the organism at the time of the experience”. Choose the best answer.
nature vs nurture
Sarah, Katie, and Jimmy are playing “house,” in which Katie pretends to
be the baby daughter, Jimmy pretends to be the daddy, Sarah pretends to
be the mommy, and together the three eat an imaginary meal. These
children are engaged in:
cooperative play
Research indicates that friendships change in what significant respect
as children grow older?
the level and importance of intimacy
Ally is low in social impact, meaning she receives few positive or negative ratings from her peers. She seems to go unnoticed. What is her sociometric designation?
Neglected
18-month-old girl Mary was visibly upset by a crying baby; she
responded by bringing offerings of toys and cookies to the
baby and by trying to get her own mother to help soothe the
baby. Mary is displaying:
Empathy
A child is approached by another child who asks to copy their exam. The child
responds they’ll let the child copy their exam if the other child would do their homework
for them. Which of Kohlbeg’s moral reasoning stages is this demonstrating?
Instrumental and Exchange Orientation
This disorder involves severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors. This can
mean inflicting pain on others and animals or can involve the destruction of
property.
Conduct Disorder
According to Piaget, what accounted for the advances in
children’s moral reasoning?
interactions with peers
Five-year-old Mill identifies himself as a boy. When his sister starts
talking about her fancy princess dresses, he tunes her out because
dresses are for girls, not boys. This thought process is consistent with:
Mill’s gender schema
Amy is high in both assertion and affiliation. Which of the following communication styles is she most likely to display?
collaboration
This more subtle form of sexism is the belief that men
need to protect and provide for women.
benevolent sexism
At what stage of Kohlberg’s gender development do children start to
actively seek out gender-appropriate role models?
gender constancy
Which of the following statements accurately describes the interaction of
nature and nurture?
Nature and nurture begin interacting on the fetus in the womb, and
both continue to shape the individual’s development throughout life.
Which of the following is an important contribution that Piaget’s theory
has made to children’s education?
Piaget’s theory emphasizes the importance of the child’s active
involvement in the learning process.
Before writing an essay a child first considers what
readers already know about the topic. Which of the
four general-processing mechanisms is shown in this
example?
metacognition
In which the children watches things in the environment, but only briefly. Nothing holds their interest for very long
Unoccupied Play
In which the child watches other children’s play. The child may ask questions about the play but will not try to join in
Onlooker play
In which the children is engrosses in his or own activity and does not attend to the behavior of others. All the preschool children are observed to engage in this type of play some point, but some children engage in more than others
Solitary Play
In which the child plays along-side, but not with, other children. They are typically engaged in similar activities but play independently
Parallel Play
In which the child plays with other children in a common activity. The child may share toys with a peer or comment on their behavior, but the two do not have a shared goal; each child does what they want and they do not coordinate their play
Associative Play
In which the child plays we peers in an organized activity with a goal
Cooperative Play
