Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY Exam 4 Prep Folder > Chapter 13 - Blood, Heart, and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Blood, Heart, and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Function is the transportation. To move things around the body.
Every cell is close to blood system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasma proteins (made by the Liver)

A

Albumens, Fibrogens, and Globulins (alpha and beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hemotocrit

A

Ratio of Plasma and RBCs (Vol RBC / Total Vol).

Usually 55% Plasma and 45% RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formed Elements

A

the 45% of the hemocrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RBC’s (Erythrocytes)

A

bi-concaved discs (donut w/o the hole)
no organells
full of hemoglobin, which carries Oxygen.
very flexible
5 million RBCs mm (cubed)
Average life span is 120 days
Can’t repair themselves, are destroyed by the liver and spleen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many liters of blood is there in the body?

A

5L, which means 5 million/mm (cubed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

WBCs (leukocytes)

A

Two types: Granual Cites and Agranual Cites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Granulocytes:

A

Three types, polynophic nuclei (many):

  1. eosinophils (red) make up 1 – 3%;
  2. basophils (blue) make up less than 1%;
  3. neutrophils (neutral-colored) made up 54 – 62%.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Agranual

A
  1. lympocytes (2nd most common)
  2. monocytes (large WBC, transformed into a macrophage (large cell eater)
  3. Huge nucleus, all most fills the cells up.
  4. 5 - 10,000/mm (cubed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

smallest of the formed elements and play an important role in blood clotting.
from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
250,000 - 400,000/mm (cubed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of the Circulatory system

A
  1. Transportation (respiratory, nutritive, and excretory)
  2. Regulation (hormonal and temperature)
  3. Protection (clotting and immune)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Divisions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Cardiovascular system (consists of heart and blood vessels)
  2. Lymphatic system (consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymph nodes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart. Blood leaving the heart is called arterial blood.
Arteries branch into arterioles, which can branch into capillaries. Capillaries then form larger venules, which deliver blood back into even larger veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart. Except for venous blood from the lungs, blood retuning from the heart is called venous blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Capillaries

A
  1. Microscopic veins that blood from the arteries to.
  2. The thinnest and most numerous blood vessels.
  3. Exchange of fluid, nutrients, and wastes between the blood and tissues occurs across the walls of the capillaries.
  4. Capillaries form larger venules, which deliver blood back into even larger veins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Venules

A
  1. Microscope veins which blood flows threw the capillaries into
  2. Venules deliver blood into progressively larger veins that eventually return the blood to the heart.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)

A

Fluid derived from plasma that passes out if the capillary walls into the surrounding tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Albumins

A

Smallest in size, but the most numerous of the plasma proteins (account for 60 to 80%)

Produce the osmotic pressure needed to draw water from the surrounding tissue fluid into the capillaries. This is needed to maintain blood volume and pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Globulins

A

Alpha & Beta: produced by the liver and transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.

Gamma: these are antibodies produced by lymphocytes and function in immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Account for only 4%.
Important clotting factor (turned into fibrin which are insoluble threads)
Produced by liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The heart

A

four-chambered double pump; its pumping action creates the pressure head needed to push blood through the vessels to the lungs and body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Blood vessels =

A

form a tubular network that permits blood to flow from the heart to all living cells of the body and then back to heart; arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins return blood back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plasma

A

mostly water; various salts (NaCl, MgCl, etc.), proteins, hormones, and other solutes are dissolved within this fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plasma proteins make up __% of the plasma?

A

Plasma Proteins make up 7 – 9% of the plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RBC Count:

A

4.50-5.90 million/mm3; in 5L of blood, there are 25 x 1012 erythrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Blood Volume:

A

5 liters, constituting about 8% of total body weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WBC Count:

A

4,500 to 11,000/mm3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hematocrit in males v females:

A

Female = 36-46%; Male = 41-53%.

30
Q

% of blood that is plasma:

A

55%.

31
Q

What are the “Formed Elements”?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

32
Q

What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?

A

Fibrogens, albumins, and globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma).

33
Q

What are platelets and where are they formed?

A

Platelets are the smallest of the formed elements and are actually fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes, which are found in bone marrow.

34
Q

Leukocytes can be classified into 2 major groups which are:

A

agranular leukocytes and granular leukocytes.

35
Q

What features does a Neutrophil have that you would look for to identify it from other WBC?

A

Their nuclei become lobulated, with two to five lobes connected by thin strands; they are also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

36
Q

What features does a monocyte have?

A

Monocytes have large kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nuclei. They are the largest of the leukocytes.

37
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis? Where does this hormone come from?

A

The kidneys make erythropoietin whenever blood oxygen levels are decreased.

38
Q

What are antigens and what do they cause to happen if they should get into our body?

A

Antigens = molecules “non-native proteins” that are able to induce the production of antibodies and to react in a specific manner with antibodies. When an antigen invades, your body recognizes it’s foreign and mounts an attack against it with antibodies.

39
Q

What are the various blood types? What makes type A or type B that type?

A

Type A, type B, type AB, and type O. A person who is type A or type B may have inherited the A or B gene from each parents, or the A or B gene from one parents and the O gene from the other parents (O gene is recessive).

40
Q

What are antibodies? What things can they do? What antibodies do the various blood types have?

A

Antibodies = immunoglobulin protein secreted by B-lymphocytes that have been transformed into plasma cells. Antibodies are responsible for humoral immunity. Specific antigens induce their synthesis, and antibodies combine with these specific antigens but not with unrelated antigens. People who are type A make antibodies against the B antigen and, conversely, people with blood type B make antibodies against the A antigen. Type AB do not produce either anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

41
Q

What is agglutination? What causes it?

A

Agglutination = clumping. It is occurs when cells with A-type antigens are mixed with anti-A antibodies and when cells with B-type antigens are mixed with anti-B antibodies. No agglutination would occur with type O blood.

42
Q

What is Rh factor? What does Rh+ mean? Rh-?

A

Another group of antigens found of the RBCs of most people is the Rh factor (named for the rhesus monkey, in which these antigens were discovered). If this Rh antigen [Rho(D)] is present on a person’s red blood cells, the person is Rh positive; if it is absent, the person is Rh negative. Particularly important when Rh-negative mothers give birth to Rh-positive babies.

43
Q

How does aspirin work as an anticoagulant?

A

Aspirin inhibits the enzyme COX-1 (as well as COX-2), and by this means reduces platelet aggregation. The COX-1 enzymes inhibited by aspirin are inhibited for the life of the platelets because platelets cannot regenerate new enzymes.

44
Q

What agents are used to dissolve blood clots?

A

Kallikrein, located in the plasma, catalyzes the conversion of inactive plasminogen into the active molecule plasmin. Plasmin is an enzyme that digests fibrin into “split products,” thus promoting dissolution of the clot.

45
Q

Be able to draw and label the structure of the heart. Be sure to show all of the valves, chambers and major vessels.

A

Back Page

46
Q

Systole:

A

the phase of contraction in the cardiac cycle where the heart pumps blood out; “lub,” first sound.

47
Q

Diastole:

A

the phase of relaxation in which the heart fills with blood; “dub,” second sound.

48
Q

Ischemia:

A

a rate of blood flow to an organ that is inadequate to supply sufficient oxygen and maintain aerobic respiration in that organ.

49
Q

describe the “cardiac cycle”.

A

(1) Isovolumetric contraction – atria relaxed, ventricles contract, AV valves closed.
(2) Ejection – atria relaxed, ventricles contract.
(3) Isovolumetric relaxation – atria relaxed, ventricles relaxed, semilunar valves closed.
(4) Rapid filling – atria and ventricles relaxed.
(5) Atrial contraction – atria contract, ventricles relaxed.

50
Q

(1) Isovolumetric contraction –

A

atria relaxed, ventricles contract, AV valves closed.

51
Q

(2) Ejection –

A

atria relaxed, ventricles contract.

52
Q

(3) Isovolumetric relaxation –

A

atria relaxed, ventricles relaxed, semilunar valves closed.

53
Q

(4) Rapid filling –

A

atria and ventricles relaxed.

54
Q

(5) Atrial contraction –

A

atria contract, ventricles relaxed.

55
Q

What does “isovolumetric contraction” and “isovolumetric relaxation” mean?

A

Isovolumetric contraction = refers to an event occurring in early systole, during which the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change; the AV and semilunar valves are closed.
Isovolumetric relaxation = the AV and semilunar valves are closed; the ventricles relax and their volume is unchanged, while the atria begin to expand and fill with blood.

56
Q

What happens at the start of and the end of the “isovolumetric contraction” phase?

A

Start of: ___________________________________________

End of: ____________________________________________

57
Q

What causes the 1st and 2nd heart sounds.

A

1st: the “lub” is produced by closing of the AV valves during isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles; when ventricles contract at systole.
2nd: the “dub” is produced by closing of the semilunar valves when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the arties; when the ventricles relax at the beginning of diastole.

58
Q

What are “heart murmurs”?

A

Murmurs are abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal patterns of blood flow in the heart. Defective heart valves cause many murmurs.

59
Q

What does “automaticity” mean? What is the “pacemaker” structurally and what does it do?

A

The automatic nature of the heartbeat is referred to as automaticity. The sinoatrial node (SA node) functions as the pacemaker and spontaneously generates action potentials.

60
Q

Describe the action potentials produced by the pacemaker. What is a “pacemaker potential”?

A

During the period of diastole, the SA node exhibits a slow spontaneous depolarization called the pacemaker potential. The membrane potential begins at about -60 mV and gradually depolarizes to -40 mV, which is the threshold for producing an action potential in these cells (termed a diastolic depolarization). When d. depolarization reaches threshold, it causes the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of the pacemaker cells. The inward current of Ca2+ produces the upward phase of the action potential and results in contraction of these myocardial cells.

61
Q

What is an HCN channel?

A

Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated channels. The hyperpolarization resulting from the previous action potential causes the opening of HCN channels, and opening of these channels produces a diastolic depolarization (caused by inward diffusion of Na through these channels).

62
Q

How does the action potential from the pacemaker spread through the atria?

A

The action potentials produced by the pacemaker cells will spread from myocardial cell to myocardial cell through the gap junctions that connect them. The action potentials will spread from the SA node through the atria and, by means of conducting tissue, into the ventricles.

63
Q

Describe the action potential generated by a myocardial cell.

A

The plateau phase of the action potential is maintained by a slow inward diffusion of Ca2+. The cardiac action potential, as a result, is about 100 times longer in duration than the spike-like action potential in an axon. Summation and tetanus, as can occur in skeletal muscles, is thereby prevented from occurring in the myocardium by this long refractory period.

64
Q

Describe the spread of the action potential from the atria to the ventricles.

A

Once the impulse has spread through the atria, it passes to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is located on the inferior portion of the interatrial septum. From here, the impulse continues through the atrioventricular bundle, or bundle of His. The bundle of His divides into the right and left bundle branches, which are continuous with the Purkinje fibers within the ventricular walls.

65
Q

Know the 2 different ways Ca++ can enter the sarcoplasm of the myocardial cell.

A

Ca2+-stimulated Ca2+ release

From sarcoplasmic reticulum?

66
Q

What are the 2 ways Ca++ is removed from the sarcoplasm?

A

Active transport of Ca++ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a Ca2+-ATPase pump.
Extrusion of Ca2+ through the plasma membrane into the extracellular fluid by a Na-Ca exchanger.

67
Q

draw an EKG wave form for standard lead II. Label each part of the wave and the mention the cardiac event associated with it. (back page)

A

The bipolar limb leads record the voltage between electrodes placed on the wrists and legs. The lead II covers the right arm to left leg.
P waves: Atria depolarize and contract; QRS complex: Ventricles depolarize and contract; T wave: Ventricles repolarize and relax.

68
Q

describe the differences in the structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.

A

A. Large-sized arteries and veins have three layers: tunica externa = connective tissue, tunica media = smooth muscle, tunica interna = endothelium. Arteries have more muscle (tunica media) for their diameters than veins. Many veins have valves, which are absent in arteries.
B. Venules and arterioles only have tunica externa and tunica interna.
C. Capillaries only have a layer of simple squamous epithelium.

69
Q

What are “pre-capillary sphincters”? What is their significance?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters = circular muscle bands at the origin of the capillaries. These help to regulate the amount of blood flowing through a particular capillary bed through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

70
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

A. Continuous capillaries = those in which adjacent endothelial cells are closely joined together. Found in muscles, lungs, adipose tissues, and the CNS (blood-brain barrier).
B. Fenestrated capillaries = occur in the kidneys, endocrine glands, and intestines. These capillaries are characterized by wide intercellular pores that are covered by a layer of mucoprotein, which serves as a basement membrane over the capillary endothelium. The mucoprotein restricts the passage of certain molecules (proteins) through the large capillary pores.
C. Discontinuous capillaries = found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The distance between endothelial cells is so great that these capillaries look like little cavities (sinusoids) in the organ.

71
Q

What is the “skeletal muscle pump”?

A

A term used with reference to the effect of skeletal muscle contraction on the flow of blood in veins. As the muscles contract, they squeeze the veins and in this way help move the blood towards the heart.

PSY Exam 4 Prep Folder (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions