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Chapter 13 and 19 Flashcards

1
Q

energy captured from sunlight with advanced technologies

A

active solar energy

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2
Q

what are the technologies?

A

solar water heating systems, photovoltaic systems, large-scale concentrating solar thermal systems (CST), photovoltaic solar cell

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3
Q

a system of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it directly into electricity

A

photovoltaic solar cell

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4
Q

what are the benefits of solar energy?

A

doesn’t produce CO2/pollution, produces energy on sunny days (demand is high), in peak demand, reduces need for fossil fuel plants, photovoltaic system may be less expensive than electrical transmission lines

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5
Q

what are the drawbacks of solar energy?

A

expensive, requires energy and water (involves toxic metals and chemicals), environmental costs with storage batteries, end-of-life recycling -> environmental contamination

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6
Q

energy generated from the kinetic energy of moving air, most rapidly growing source

A

wind energy

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7
Q

a turbine that converts wind energy into electricity in rural locations, “wind farms”, and “wind parks”

A

wind turbine

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8
Q

what are the benefits of wind energy?

A

nondepletable and free, after made and installed little energy is needed, no pollution or greenhouse gases, wind farms share land

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9
Q

what are the drawbacks of wind energy?

A

most off-grid systems need batteries, can be noisy/unattractive, up to 40,000 birds/year are killed by turbine blades, also bats

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10
Q

heat energy that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth, can be used directly

A

geothermal energy

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11
Q

a technology that transfers heat from the ground to a building, comes from solar energy

A

ground source heat pump

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12
Q

an electrical-chemical device that converts fuel (hydrogen), into an electrical current

A

fuel cell

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13
Q

the application of an electric current to water molecules to split them into hydrogen and oxygen

A

electrolysis

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14
Q

biomass is

A

energy from the sun!

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15
Q

liquid fuel created from processed or refined biomass

A

biofuel

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16
Q

carbon in biomass that was recently in the atmosphere

A

modern carbon

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17
Q

carbon in fossil fuels

A

fossil carbon

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18
Q

an activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

A

carbon neutral

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19
Q

the process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon

A

net removal

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20
Q

alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2

A

ethanol

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21
Q

a diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants

A

biodiesel

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22
Q

runs on either gasoline or a gasoline/ethanol mixture

A

flex-fuel vehicle

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23
Q

electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water

A

hydroelectricity

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24
Q

hydroelectricity generation in which water is retained behind a low dam or no dam

A

run of the river

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25
Q

the storage of water in a reservoir behind a dam

A

water impoundment

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26
Q

energy that comes from the movement of water driven by the gravitational pull of the moon

A

tidal energy

27
Q

what are the benefits of hydroelectricity?

A

brings renewable energy to large numbers, doesn’t create air pollution/waste/CO2, less expensive, creates recreational opportunities

28
Q

what are the drawbacks of hydroelectricity?

A

may flood land and force relocation, can interfere with wildlife in a free-flow river, downstream ecosystems are affected, siltation

29
Q

the accumulation of sediments, primarily silt, on the bottom of a reservoir

A

siltation

30
Q

an efficient, self-regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and automatically distributes it to end users (coordinates energy use with energy availability)

A

smart grid

31
Q

finding and implementing ways to use less energy

A

energy conservation

32
Q

a billing system used by some electric companies in which customers pay higher rates as their use goes up

A

tiered rate system

33
Q

the greatest quantity of energy used at any one time

A

peak demand

34
Q

construction designed to take advantage of solar radiation without active technology (ex. south-facing windows so sun rays warm the house)

A

passive solar design

35
Q

a property of a building material that allows it to maintain heat or cold

A

thermal mass

36
Q

an energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely as long as it is not overharvested

A

potentially renewable

37
Q

an energy source that cannot be used up

A

nondepletable

38
Q

in energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondepletable (around 14% worldwide)

A

renewable

39
Q

change that occurs in the chemical, biological, and physical properties of the planet

A

global change

40
Q

changes in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of time

A

global climate change

41
Q

the warming of the oceans, land masses, and atmosphere of Earth

A

global warming

42
Q

absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases and reradiation of the energy back toward Earth

A

greenhouse effect

43
Q

an estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 yeras relative to a molecule of CO2

A

greenhouse warming potential

44
Q

what are natural causes of greenhouse gases?

A

volcanic eruptions, decomposition and digestion, denitrification, evaporation, and evapotranspiration

45
Q

what are anthropogenic causes of greenhouse gases?

A

burning fossil fuels, agricultural practices, deforestation, landfills, and industrial production

46
Q

the process by which an increase in ocean CO2 causes more CO2 to be converted to carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the ocean

A

ocean acidification

47
Q

what are environmental effects of global climate change?

A

melting polar ice caps/glaciers/permafrost, rising sea levels, heat waves and cold spells, change in precipitation patterns, increase in storm intensity, shift in ocean currents, wild plants and animals

48
Q

an international agreement that sets a goal for global emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrialized countries to be reduced by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012

A

kyoto protocol

49
Q

a pledge by 195 countries to keep global warming less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels

A

paris climate agreement

50
Q

an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere

A

carbon sequestration

51
Q

what is albedo?

A

the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight

52
Q

as global temperature ______, permafrost thickness ______, causing a(n) _______ in methane, which results in a(n) _______ in global temperature and global climate change

A

increases, decreases, increase, increase

53
Q

which energy source is a direct cause of deforestation?

A

biomass

54
Q

this addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion on a more global level

A

Montreal Protocol

55
Q

the melting of permafrost would lead to…

A

a rise in sea levels as a result of global warming

56
Q

which energy source does not require the sun?

A

geothermal

57
Q

if the global temperature increase continues…

A

the troposphere will contain more water vapor

58
Q

coastal flooding and submersion of low-lying areas is a direct result to what?

A

global warming!

59
Q

_______ species in ______ ecosystems are at risk for extinction if mean global temperature continues to increase

A

specialist, fragile

60
Q

which greenhouse gas has the highest heat-trapping ability per molecule?

A

chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)

61
Q

______ is most used in less developed countries and least used in highly developed countries

A

biomass

62
Q

what are some drawbacks of geothermal energy?

A

noise and the release of corrosive chemicals

63
Q

what is a major limitation of using photovoltaic solar cells to produce electricity?

A

it won’t produce as much electricity on cloudy days

64
Q

what would create a positive feedback loop in the arctic?

A

decreasing albedo and increasing absorption of heat by the ocean

apes (2 decks)

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