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APES > Chapter 11 and 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

the condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period

A

famine

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2
Q

agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization, now considered conventional

A

industrial agriculture

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3
Q

the fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

A

energy subsidy

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4
Q

a shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that result in increased food output

A

green revolution

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5
Q

having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

A

food security

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6
Q

the observation that average costs of production fall as output increases

A

economies of scale

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7
Q

a form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

A

waterlogging

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8
Q

a form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation

A

salinization

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9
Q

composed of organic matter from plants and animals

A

organic fertilizer

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10
Q

produced commercially, usually with the use of fossil fuels

A

synthetic fertilizer

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11
Q

a substance, either natural or synthetic, that kill or controls organisms that people consider pests

A

pesticide

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12
Q

a pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

A

insecticide

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13
Q

a pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops

A

herbicide

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14
Q

a pesticide that kills many different types of pests

A

broad-spectrum pesticide

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15
Q

a pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms

A

selective pesticide

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16
Q

remains in the environment for a long time

A

persistent pesticide

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17
Q

breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks/months

A

nonpersistent pesticide

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18
Q

trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive

A

pesticide resistance

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19
Q

a cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development

A

pesticide treadmill

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20
Q

the decline of a fish population by 90% or more

A

fishery collapse

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21
Q

the unintentional catch of a nontarget species while fishing

A

bycatch

22
Q

land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients, bad!

A

shifting agriculture

23
Q

through repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes the compaction of soil and a reduction in pore space

A

soil compaction

24
Q

the transformation of productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use

A

desertification

25
Q

the feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds over long distances

A

nomadic grazing

26
Q

two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction

A

intercropping

27
Q

changing crops from season to season

A

crop rotation

28
Q

trees and vegetables are intercropped

A

agroforestry

29
Q

plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

A

contour plowing

30
Q

a plant alive for multiple years

A

perennial

31
Q

a plant alive for only one year

A

annual

32
Q

farmers do not turn the soil between seasons as a means of reducing topsoil erosion

A

no-till agriculture

33
Q

uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs

A

integrated pest management

34
Q

production of crops in a way that sustains or improves the soil, without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

A

organic agriculture

35
Q

fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowed catch of fish in a season

A

individual transferable quota

36
Q

farming aquatic organisms

A

aquaculture

37
Q

contamination of water sources with substances produced through human activities

A

water pollution

38
Q

water produced by livestock operations and human activities

A

wastewater

39
Q

distinct location from which pollution is directly produced

A

point source

40
Q

a diffuse area that produces pollution

A

nonpoint source

41
Q

amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at specific temperatures

A

biochemical oxygen demand

42
Q

an area with extremely low oxygen concentration and very little life

A

dead zone

43
Q

a phenomenon in which a body of water becomes rich in nutrients

A

eutrophication

44
Q

an increase in fertility in a body of water, the result of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients

A

cultural eutrophication

45
Q

a species that signifies whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present

A

indicator species

46
Q

a group of generally harmless microorganisms in human intestines that can serve as an indicator species for potentially harmful microorganisms associated with contaminated sewage

A

fecal coliform bacteria

47
Q

2 common ways to handle human wastewater

A

septic systems and sewage treatment plants

48
Q

a relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas

A

septic systems

49
Q

a component of a septic system, made up of underground pipes laid out below the surface of the ground

A

leach field

50
Q

great volumes of wastewater are handled by separating the sludge from the water and then using bacteria to break down both components

A

sewage treatment plant

51
Q

human-made pond lined with rubber, built to handle large quantities of manure produced by livestock

A

manure lagoon

APES (2 decks)

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