Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mom & Baby Exam 2 > Chapter 13: Anatomy & Physiology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Anatomy & Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Antepartum ?

A

Conception to labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intrapartum ?

A

Labor to birth of placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Postpartum ?

A

Birth until body return to normal (typically about 6 weeks after birth)

  • 6weeks postpartum visit suggested
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gestation ?

A

Weeks since first day of LMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Abortion ?

A

Birth before end of 20 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preterm ?

A

Pregnancy reached 20 weeks, but before completing 37 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Term ?

A

Beginning of week 38 to end of week 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Postterm ?

A

After 42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Viability ?

A

Ability to live outside the uterus

  • 22-25 weeks
  • Fetal weight over 500g
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gravida ?

A

A women who is pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parity ?

A

of pregnancies that reached 20 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nulligravida ?

A

Never been pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primigravida ?

A

Pregnant for 1st time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Multigravida ?

A

2 or more pregnancies completed to 20 weeks or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nullipara ?

A

No completed pregnancy that has reached 20 weeks gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primipara ?

A

One pregnancy completed that has reached 20 weeks gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Multipara ?

A

2 or more pregnancies that reached 20 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stillbirth ?

A

Fetus born dead after 20 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does GTPAL stand for ?

A
  • Gravida
  • Term
  • Preterm
  • Abortion
  • Living
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When gathering pregnancy & birth history, what system is preferred ?

A

5 digit system (GTPAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the G in GTPAL ?

A

the number of pregnancies INCLUDING CURRENT PREGNANCY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the T in GTPAL ?

A

The # of pregnancies that were delivered at 37 weeks or later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the P in GTPAL ?

A

The # of pregnancies that were delivered between 20 weeks and 37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the A in GTPAL ?

A

The # of pregnancies ending in spontaneous or therapeutic abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the L in GTPAL ?

A

The # of currently living children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The 2 digit system includes what ?

A
  • Gravida (# of pregnancies INCLUDING current pregnancy)

- Parity (the # of pregnancies that reached 20 weeks or >)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Pregnancy tests based on ?

A

Recognition Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the earliest biochemical marker of pregnancy ?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hCG can be tested in what two body fluids ?

A
  • Urine

- Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Low hCG may indicate what ?

A
  • impending miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or False: The 1st urine in the am usually contains hCG levels similar to serum blood levels ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hCG is stable until 30 weeks, what happens next ?

A

It increased until term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Usually increased levels of hCG may mean what ?

A
  • abnormal pregnancy
  • Multiple gestation
  • Down syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or False: the production of hCG begins as early as the day of implantation ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or False: hCG can be detected as early as 7 to 10 days after conception ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is usually the earliest sign of pregnancy ?

A

Amenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are presumptive ((subjective)usually felt or noticed by women) signs of pregnancy ?

A
  • Amenorrhea
  • N/V (d/t increased hCG levels)
  • Excessive fatigue (changes to women system occurring)
  • Urinary frequency (d/t increase in size of uterus & pressure on the bladder)
  • Breast changes (increased tenderness d/t estrogen & progesterone)
  • Quickening (14-20 weeks)
    (r/t women perception of fetal movement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are probable (Objective) signs of pregnancy ?

A
  • Enlargment of the abdomen
  • (+) pregnancy test
  • Softening of lower uterine segment - Hegar’s sign
  • Braxton Hicks contractions
  • Abdomina striae
  • Uterine souffle
  • Changes in skin pigmentation
  • Ballottement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False: Braxton Hicks contraction are often irregular and painless contractions ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Uterine souffle ?

A

Soft sound made by arteries of the uterus.

  • heard when ascultating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Ballottement ?

A

Passive movement of the unengaged fetus when pushing on the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are positive signs of pregnancy by a healthcare professional ?

A
  • auscultation of fetal heartbeat
  • Palpating fetal movement
  • Visualization of the fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A fetal HR (FHR) is audible with a doppler around how many weeks ?

A

10-12 weeks

  • seen on ultrasound @ 6-7weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In a normal pregnancy the uterus grows at a ____________ rate ?

A

Predictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Palpation at 12-14 weeks is @ where ?

A

Symphysis pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At what weeks does the uterus rise to the level of the umbilicous ?

A

22-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When does the uterus rise to the level of the xiphoid process ?

A

@ term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Changes in the uterus size, shape and position are stimulated by what hormones ?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Changes in the uterus size, shape, and position can be seen at ____, _____, and _____ weeks ?

A

7, 10, and 12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Palpation of the uterus occurs between what weeks ?

A

12 -14 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Enlargement of the uterus is determined by what ?

A

Fundal height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is Hegar’s sign ?

A

Softening of the lower uterine segment @ about 6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When do Braxton Hicks usually occur ?

A

> 16 weeks (4 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Increase in vascularity with growth due to what ?

A
  • Increased levels of estrogen & progesterone
  • Dilation of blood vessles
  • Hyperplasia
    (production of new muscle fibers & tissue)
  • Hypertrophy
    (enlargement of existing muscle fibers & tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Uteroplacental bloodflow depends on what ?

A

Maternal blood flow to the uterus

*compromised blood flow, compromises the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Goodells sign is a cervical change and is seen at week ?

A

6th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is Goodells sign ?

A

Softening of the cervical tip from increased vascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Due to increased cervical vascularity, the cervix also becomes more what ?

A

friable

  • tissue is easily damaged. May have more bleeding after an exam or intercourse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a bacterial barrier during pregnancy ?

A

Mucous plug (operculum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

True or False: It is extremely important to have uncompromised uterine placental blood flow to the uterus ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

True or False: Blood flow increases rapidly as uterine size increases ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is Hegars sign ?

A

The softening of lower uterine segment

palpated on bimanual exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Between 38 and 40 weeks the fetus begins to do what ?

A

Descend & engage in the pelvis

Lightening occurs @ 38-40weeks (fetus drops)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is a major sign that labor is approaching ?

A

Lightening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is lightening ?

A

When the baby drops lower into the mothers pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is Chadwick sign ?

A

is a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia resulting from increased blood flow.

Observed between 6-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Acidity increases in the vagina to maintain what ?

A

To maintain a protective environment

68
Q

What hormone prepares the vagina for birth ?

A

Estrogen

69
Q

Pregnancy hormones are preparing the vagina for what ?

A
  • Stretching during labor and birth causing vaginal mucosa to thicken, connective tissue to loosen, & the vaginal vault to lengthen
70
Q

True or False: Breast may become very sensitive for pregnant women: full, heavy, & tingling

A

True

71
Q

When talking about breast changes, what is Glandular hyperplasia ?

A

Increase in # of cells

72
Q

When talking about breast changes, what is hypertrophy ?

A

Enlargement of muscle fibers

73
Q

What breast changes are seen in pregnancy ?

A
  • Glandular hyperplasia and hypertrophy
  • Darkened areolae
  • Superficial veins prominent
  • Striae may develop
  • Colostrum is secreted
  • Montgomery tubercles
  • 2nd and 3rd trimester: progressive breast enlargement
    (high levels of hormones)
74
Q

What are striae gravidarium ?

A

reddish streak on abdomen & breast which may not go away

75
Q

1st milk may be secreted as early as when ?

A

16 weeks

76
Q

Lactation is inhibited until when ?

A

until a decrease in estrogen occurs after birth

77
Q

_____________________ are sebaceous glands in the areola which have a protective role in keeping the nipple lubricated for breastfeeding ?

A

Montgomery tubercles

78
Q

What respiratory changes occur in pregnancy ?

A 
- Structural adaptations occur
   (Diaphragm pushes up and out)
- Tidal volume increases
- O2 consumption increases
- Breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic 
- Vascular congestion of nasal mucosa
79
Q

Why does the Tidal volume increase in pregnancy ?

A

D/t increased metabolic rate & fetal needs –> so maternal O2 requirements increase due to this

80
Q

Why is there vascular congestion of nasal mucosa in pregnancy ?

A

D/t an increase in estrogen that causes vascular response & capillaries become more engorged causing nasal stuffiness, nosebleeds. Can also cause Eustachian tubes to swell resulting in impaired hearing, earaches, or a sense of fullness in the ears

81
Q

What are Cardiovascular changes that are seen in pregnancy ?

A
  • Slight cardiac hypertrophy
  • HR increases 10 -15bpm
  • BP
    • systolic: slight or no decrease from pre-pregnancy
    • Diastolic: slight decrease mid-pregnancy
      - return t normal @ end of pregnancy
    • Supine hypotensive syndrome
82
Q

_____________ vasodilation maintains a normal BP despite an increase in blood volume

A

Peripheral

83
Q

Why is slight cardiac hypertrophy seen in pregnancy ?

A

D/t increased cardiac output

84
Q

True or False: The slight cardiac hypertrophy that is seen in pregnancy will return to normal after pregnancy ?

A

True

85
Q

True or False: You may hear murmurs due to cardiac changes in pregnancy ?

A

True

86
Q

What is Supine hypotensive syndrome ?

A

Occurs when the women is lying on her back, compressing the vena cava.

  • Some women may have a decrease in BP, bradycardia occurs, & women may feel faint
87
Q

Biochemical, physiologic, and anatomic adaptations that occur during pregnancy revert to what after birth and lactation?

A

Nonpregnant state

88
Q

Are maternal adaptations attributed to the hormones of pregnancy and mechanical pressures exerted by enlarging uterus and other tissues?

A

Yes

89
Q

What is the most popular method of pregnancy testing that includes monoclonal antibody technology?

A

ELISA

90
Q

Do presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy aid in the diagnosis of pregnancy?

A

Yes

91
Q

What positive pregnancy signs establish a diagnosis of pregnancy?

A
  • Fetal heartbeat
  • Verification of fetal movement
  • Visualization of fetus
92
Q

Adaptations to pregnancy protect the women normal physiological functioning, meet the metabolic demands of pregnancy and provide for what?

A

Fetal development and growth

93
Q

Although the pH of the pregnant women vaginal secretions is more acidic, she is more vulnerable to vaginal infections, especially what kind?

A

Yeast infections

94
Q

Increased vaginal and pelvic vascularity and sensitivity may lead to increased what?

A

Sexual interest and arousal

95
Q

Can pregnancy result in discomfort such as fatigue, urinary frequency, nausea, and breast sensitivity?

A

Yes

96
Q

As pregnancy progresses, balance and coordination are affected by what changes?

A

In joints and center of gravity

97
Q

What stimulates uterine contractions?

A

Oxytocin

98
Q

What prevents uterine contractions until near term?

A

Progesterone

99
Q

What stimulates let down reflex after birth for breastfeeding?

A

Oxytocin

100
Q

Does oxytocin assist in the control of bleeding after birth?

A

Yes

101
Q

What produces oxytocin as the fetus matures?

A

Pituitary

102
Q

Do many endocrine changes occur in pregnancy?

A

Yes

103
Q

Is progesterone essential for maintaining pregnancy, relaxing smooth muscles, decreasing uterine activity, and preventing miscarriage?

A

Yes

104
Q

What hormone promotes enlargement of genital, uterus, and breasts?

A

Estrogen

105
Q

What hormone increases vascularity causing vasodilation and also causes the pelvic joints to relax?

A

Estrogen

106
Q

What hormones cause fat stores to increase which serves as energy source during labor, birth, and lactation?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

107
Q

What is produced by the pituitary and is responsible for lactation after birth?

A

Prolactin

108
Q

Are estrogen and progesterone produced by the pituitary?

A

Yes

109
Q

Why is there separation of the rectus abdominus during pregnancy?

A

To allow abdominal content to move forward

110
Q

Compression of pelvic nerves ay result in what for the mom?

A

Sensory changes in the legs

111
Q

When is carpal tunnel syndrome r/t to edema often seen ?

A

during last trimester

112
Q

Are tension headaches common in pregnancy when anxiety is present?

A

Yes

113
Q

Can lightheadedness, faintness, or syncope result in pregnancy from hypotension or hypoglycemia?

A

Yes

114
Q

Changes in mom’s posture during pregnancy compensate for what?

A

Weight of uterus (low back pain common)

115
Q

How does a women center of gravity change with pregnancy?

A

Shifts forward due to weight of abdomen

116
Q

Do changes in center of gravity often result in a “waddling gait”?

A

Yes

117
Q

How do pelvic joints relax?

A

Softening of connective tissue

118
Q

Do pelvic joints relax to permit enlargement of pelvic structure to accommodate labor and birth?

A

Yes

119
Q

Is there separation of the rectus abdominus as a result of advancing pregnancy?

A

Yes

120
Q

Do abdominal muscles stretch and lose tone during pregnancy?

A

Yes

121
Q

Why is there separation of the rectus abdominus during pregnancy?

A

To allow abdominal intent to move forward

122
Q

During pregnancy when is Hgb & Hct considered abnormal ?

A

Hemoglobin: <11
Hematocrit: < 33

123
Q

During pregnancy, blood volume increases to ___ -____% ?

A

40-45%

124
Q

There is a Large increase in what blood component during pregnancy ?

A

Large increase in plasma volume

125
Q

True or False: There is an increase in RBCs during pregnancy ?

A

True

126
Q

True or False: During pregnancy plasma volume exceeds RBCs, so women have hemodilution ?

A

True

127
Q

Why is there an increase in cardiac output during pregnancy ?

A

d/t increased HR & demands from tissues

128
Q

True or False: There is a decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance ?

A

True

129
Q

Why are pregnant women in a hyper coagulable state during pregnancy ?

A

D/t an increase in clotting factors, which is a protective mechanism to prevent bleeding complications.

  • But there is an increased risk of blood clots.
  • Check for Homans sign for s/s of a developing clot
130
Q

Are there appetite changes seen during pregnancy?

A

Yes

131
Q

N/V often results due to increased hCG levels seen at 4-6 wks but usually subsides by when?

A

End of first trimester

132
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Softening and bleeding of gums

133
Q

Hyperemia is often due to increased estrogen levels causing what?

A

Vascularity

134
Q

What is PICA?

A

Eating non nutritive substances

135
Q

Should women with N/V eat dry crackers before arising, rise slowly, eat small frequent meals, and avoid overdistension of the stomach?

A

Yes

136
Q

Have women with PICA been found to have low Hgb levels?

A

Yes (consider iron deficiency)

137
Q

What are possible GI complications of pregnancy?

A
  • Constipation
  • Abd discomfort
  • Heartburn
  • Hemorrhoids
138
Q

Can constipation during pregnancy also be a result of inactivity, decreased water intake, iron supplementation, and compression of the intestines?

A

Yes

139
Q

Pyrosis= ?

A

Heartburn

140
Q

Increasing fluids, fiber, roughage, and exercise can help with what GI complication during pregnancy?

A

Constipation

141
Q

Should a women discuss her heartburn with her MD?

A

Yes

142
Q

May a women with heartburn need an antacid, small frequent meals, and 8-10 glasses of fluid a day?

A

Yes

143
Q

An increase in progesterone may cause decreased tone and mobility of smooth muscle resulting in slowed mobility, slower emptying of stomach causing what as a result?

A

Heartburn and indegestion

144
Q

Increased progesterone levels may cause a n increase in water absorption and result in what?

A

Constipation

145
Q

Does the gallbladder become distended and has decreased tone during pregnancy?

A

Yes

146
Q

Is there an increased emptying time of the gallbladder and thickening of bile during pregnancy?

A

Yes (normal)

147
Q

During pregnancy are women more prone to developing gallstones?

A

Yes

148
Q 
Does abdominal discomfort in pregnancy result from:
-increased uterine size
-ligaments stretching
-contractions
-gas pains
?
A

Yes (watch for what is not normal)

149
Q

During pregnancy there is increased stasis of urine, which increases a risk for what ?

A

UTI

150
Q

True or False: you may see dependent edema as a renal change in pregnancy ?

A

True

151
Q

True or False: During pregnancy their is decreased bladder tone, due to dilation ?

A

True

152
Q

Do the kidneys absorb of the glucose during pregnancy /

A

No, some it spills into the urine

153
Q

Pregnant women have more nutrients in the urine, which places them at increased risk for developing what ?

A

UTIs

154
Q

Why is there an increase in renal function during pregnancy ?

A

B/c the kidneys have to manage increases in urine output

155
Q

Why does increased urine frequency occur in the 3rd trimester ?

A

D/t pressure on the bladder

156
Q

Why doe pregnant women have more frequent urination in the 1st trimester ?

A

d/t increased bladder sensitivity

157
Q

What causes an increased GFR in pregnancy ?

A

Caused by

  • hormones
  • increased blood volume
  • physical activity
  • nutritional uptake
158
Q

What position increases renal perfusion during pregnancy ?

A

Side lying position

159
Q

True or False: you may see edema in lower extremities during pregnancy ?

A

True

160
Q

True or False: Tubular reabsorption of glucose is impaired

  • may have glycosuria
  • Must rule out diabetes
A

True

161
Q

When women lay on there side what things happen ?

A
  • Renal perfusion is increased
  • increased urinary output
  • decreases edema
162
Q

What happens when women ly on there back during pregnancy, what happens ?

A

Uterine comprises the vena cava & aorta, and everything is slowed.

  • As a result, the blood flow to the brain and heart is continued as the expense of other organs including the kidneys
163
Q

What changes occur to the integumentary system during pregnancy ?

A
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Striae gravidarium (stretch marks)
  • Chloasma
  • Vascular spider nevi
  • Hyperactive sweat and sebaceous glands - d/t increased BMR & increased blood supply to the skin
164
Q

Hormones & mechanical stretching are responsible for what during pregnancy ?

A

Most skin & hair changes

165
Q

What is Chloasma (integumentary) ?

A

Brownish hyper pigmentation over the face

166
Q

What is linea nigra (Latin for “black line”) ?

A

Pigmented line from symphysis pubis to fundus

167
Q

What are vascular spider nevi ?

A

(angiomas) reddish-blue tiny star shaped spots on the neck, throat, face, & arms.

  • Disappear after birth
  • result from increased estrogen levels

Mom & Baby Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions