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Biology Paper 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

it involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes producing genetic variation on the offspring

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

it Involves only 1 parent, the offspring is identical to the parent. No fusion of gametes or mixing genetic variation in the offspring

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosome as the parent nucleus (typical of ordinary tissue growth)

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4
Q

What is meiosis?

A

the two stage process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number of daughter cells. It is involved in making gametes for sexual reproduction

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5
Q

What happens in fertilisation?

A

the sperm enter the uterus through the cervix and travel to the egg tubes, if a sperm cell meets with an egg fertilization can occur

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6
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

it is a double helix with a sugar phosphate backbone

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7
Q

What does DNA store?

A

biological information in sequences of four bases of nucleic acid = A - adenine, T - thymine, C - cytosine, G - guanine

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8
Q

What is a genome?

A

a haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multi-cellular organism

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9
Q

What do genes control?

A

the development of different characteristics of an organism

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10
Q

What is a diploid?

A

a cell that has the full number of chromosomes

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11
Q

What is a haploid?

A

a cell that has half the number of chromosomes

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12
Q

What are alleles?

A

a form of gene

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13
Q

What is homozygote?

A

an individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic

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14
Q

What is a heterozygote?

A

an individual with different alleles for a characteristic

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15
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of an individual for a particular characteristic

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16
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical appearance/biochemistry of an individual for a particular characteristic

17
Q

What is dominant?

A

a dominant allele will always be expressed in the phenotype even if only one of the alleles is inherited

18
Q

What is recessive?

A

alleles that are only shown if their are two copies

19
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in the DNA

20
Q

What is a punnet square diagram used for?

A

to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breading experiment

21
Q

What is the genetic crosses used for?

A

the test determines the genotype of an individual with a dominate phenotype

22
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

an inherited disorder that affects the lungs, digestive and reproductive system. Inherited through a recessive allele

23
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

a dominant inherited disorder that results in babies born with extra fingers and / or toes

24
Q

How are chromosomes arranged in the body’s cells?

A

they have one protein and one molecule of DNA, humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes

Biology Paper 2 (9 decks)

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