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NUR 170 > CHAPTER 13 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium (Na+) concentration range

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Potassium (K+) concentration range

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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3
Q

Calcium (Ca++) concentration range

A

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

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4
Q

Magnesium (Mg++) concentration range

A

1.3-2.3 mg/dL

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5
Q

Phosphorus (HPO4-) (hydrogen phosphate ion) concentration range

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

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6
Q

Chloride (Cl-) concentration range

A

97-107 mEq/L

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7
Q

Term for sodium deficit

A

HYPOnatremia

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8
Q

Hyponatremia refers to sodium level that is less than what?

A

Less than 135 mEq/L or mmol/L

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9
Q

Term for sodium excess

A

HYPERnatremia

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10
Q

Hypernatremia refers to serum sodium level higher than what?

A

Higher than 145 mEq/L or mmol/L

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11
Q

Term for potassium deficit

A

HYPOkalemia

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12
Q

Hypokalemia refers to serum potassium level that is less than what?

A

Less than 3.5 mEq/L or mmol/L

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13
Q

Term for potassium excess

A

HYPERkalemia

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia refers to serum potassium level greater than what?

A

Greater than 5 mEq/L or mmol/L

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15
Q

According to the Institute of Medicine, what is the daily recommended total fluid intake for women?

A

2700 mL/day for women

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16
Q

According to the Institute of Medicine, what is the daily recommended total fluid intake for women?

A

3700 mL/day for men

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17
Q

What percent of daily total fluid intake should come from actual fluids?

A

80%

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18
Q

What percent of daily total fluid intake comes from foods & metabolism?

A

20%

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19
Q

What kind of fluids would be appropriate when teaching a patient of what kinds of fluids they should be taking in?

A

Clear liquids, water

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20
Q

What types of fluids would you advise patients of avoiding in reference to maintenance of fluid balance?

A

Caffeinated drinks (sodas), alcohol, coffee (due to diuretic effect, causing fluids to LEAVE the body).

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21
Q

Approximately how many mL/day of fluid should a person be losing by urine output?

A

1500 mL/day

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22
Q

What is the minimum mL/hour of fluid output by urine for a person?

A

30-50 mL/hour or 60 mL/2 hr (if it goes under 30 mL/hr, this is a problem)

23
Q

What is the daily average of fluid output required to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes & extra solute?

A

400-600 mL/day

this is the minimum average, or else toxins may build up in the body

24
Q

What is sensible fluid loss?

A

Fluid lost through urine, liquid, stool, wound drainage, etc. (is measurable)

25
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Fluid lost by perspiration, respirations, GI tract, skin, lungs, etc. (not measurable)

26
Q

What is the daily total average of insensible fluid loss?

A

500-1000 mL/day

27
Q

What is the body’s major extracellular buffer system?

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System

28
Q

What are examples of intracellular buffers?

A

Proteins, Organic/Inorganic Phosphates, and Plasma Proteins

29
Q

What organ regulates the bicarbonate level in the ECF?

A

Kidneys

30
Q

What occurs during respiratory acidosis (and most cases of metabolic acidosis not caused by renal failure) to help restore balance (homeostasis)?

A

The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions (H+) and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

31
Q

What occurs during respiratory and metabolic alkalosis to help restore balance?

A

The kidneys retain hydrogen ions (H+) and excrete bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

32
Q

What happens to respirations during metabolic acidosis?

A

Respiratory rate increases - causing greater elimination of CO2 - to reduce acid load

33
Q

What happens to respirations during metabolic alkalosis?

A

Respiratory rate decreases - causing CO2 to be retained - to increase acid load

34
Q

How do buffer systems affect the body’s pH level?

A

Prevents major changes in the pH of body fluids by removing or releasing H+

35
Q

What would occur if either bicarbonate or carbonic acid is increased or decreased so that the 20:1 ration is no longer maintained?

A

Acid-Base Imbalance will occur

36
Q

Why does an anion gap occur?

A

Not all electrolytes are measured

37
Q

Hyponatremia F&E Mnemonic

SALT LOSS

A 
SALT LOSS:
Stupor/Coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon Reflexes Decreased

Limp Muscle
Orthostatic Hypotension
Seizures
Stomach Cramping/Diarrhea

38
Q

Hypernatremia F&E Mnemonic

FRIED

A 
FRIED:
Fever, Flushed skin
Restlessness, Irritability
Increased Fluid Retention/Increased BP
Edema
Decreased Urine Output, Dry Mouth
39
Q

Hypocalcemia F&E Mnemonic

(CATS) need milk

A 
CATS (need milk)
Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Spasms/Stridor
40
Q

Hypercalcemia F&E Mnemonic

A

Bones
Stones
Moans and
Groans

41
Q

Hypokalemia F&E Mnemonic

A SIC WALT

A

A SIC WALT
Alkalosis

Shallow respiration
Irritability
Confusion, drowsiness

Weakness, fatigue
Arrhythmias - irregular rate, tachycardia
Lethargy
Thready Pulse

42
Q

Hyperkalemia F&E Mnemonic

MURDER

A 
MURDER
Muscle cramps
Urine abnormalities
Respiratory Distress
Decreased Cardiac Contractibility
EKG changes
Reflexes
43
Q

Hypomagnesemia F&E Mnemonic

STARVED

A 
STARVED
Seizures
Tetany
Anorexia/arrhythmias
Rapid heart rate
Vomiting
Emotional distress
DTRs increased
44
Q

Hypermagnesemia F&E Mnemonic

RENAL

A 
RENAL
Reflexes Decreased
ECG changes & hypotension
Nausea & vomiting
Appearance flushed
Letharygy
45
Q

What are the fluid and electrolyte cations?

A

Na (Sodium
K (Potassium)
Mg (Magnesium)
Ca (Calcium)

46
Q

What are the fluid and electrolyte anions?

A

Cl (Chloride)
HCO3- (Bicarbonte)
P (Phosphorus)

47
Q

What is the #1 sign/symptom of all F&E Imbalance?

A

Altered Mental Status (AMS)

especially in the elderly

48
Q

Major ECF Anion that follows the leader and is altered or corrected when other electrolytes are?

A

Chloride

49
Q

Important for activation of vitamins/enzymes

A

Phosphorus

50
Q

Decreased metabolism and heart changes (EKG); excess of this electrolyte does not cause problems - what electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hypophosphatemia

51
Q

What electrolyte has an inverse relationship with Calcium?

A

Phosphorus

52
Q

What electrolyte is important for blood clotting; muscles; heart; and CNS?

A

Magnesium

53
Q

Fatigue, cramps, muscle twitching, arrhythmia, tingling, and seizures, (alcohol withdrawal) - what electrolyte imbalance is this?

A

Hypomagnesemia

NUR 170 (2 decks)

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