Chapter 13 Flashcards
What are epithelial cells?
Sheets of cells, that cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body
Closely packed, often with tight junctions(barrier against injury, pathogens, and fluid loss
What are the 5 types of epithelial cells?
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelium
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Psedostratified columnar epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the four types of animal tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
what are cuboidal epithelium cells?
diced shaped cells that are specialized for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid glands and the salivary glands
what are simple columnar epithelium cells?
the large, brick-shaped cells
found where secretion or active absorption is important
line the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
what are simple squamous epithelium cells?
single layer of platelike cells, are found in thin and leaky lines of blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical
functions in the exchange of material by diffusion
what are pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells?
consists of a single layer of cells varying in height
found in many vertebrates, where they a form a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract.
the beating cilia sweep the film of mucous along the surface
what are stratified squamous epithelium cells?
multilayered cells that regenerate rapidly. new cells formed by division near the basal lamina, push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off.
this type of epithelium is found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin an the linings of the mouth, anus and the vagina
what are connective tissues?
consist of a sparse population of cells, scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues and organs together in place.
matrix consists of a web of fibres embedded in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
what is found within the connective tissues matrix?
fibroblasts and macrophages
what are fibroblasts?
cells that secrete fibre proteins
what are macrophages ?
white blood cells that engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
what are the 6 types of connective tissues?
- loose connective tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- bone
- blood
- carilage
what is loose connective tissue?
the most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. they bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place.
gets its name from the loose weave of its fibers, which include all three types
found in the skin and all throughout the body
what is fibrous connective tissue?
dense with collagenous fibres. found in the tendons: which attach muscles to bones and ligaments: which connect bones to joints
what is adipose tissue?
a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix. adipose pads and insulates the body and stores fuel as fat molecules.
each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses that fat as fuel
what is cartilage?
contains collagenous fibres embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex called chondriotin sulfate. cells called chondrocytes secrete collagen and chrondroitin sulfate which together make cartilage a strong yet flexible support material
what are muscle tissues?
tissues responsible for nearly all types of body movement. They consist of filaments containing the proteins ACTIB and MYOSIN
what do actin and myosin do for muscle cells?
together they enable muscles to contarct
what are the 3 types of muscle cells?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardia
what are skeletal muscle tissues?
attached to bones by tendons, also known as striated muscle. they are responsible for voluntary movements.
consist of bundles of long cells called MUSCLE FIBRES form by fusion of many cells, resulting in multiple nuclei in each muscle fibre
what are the arrangements of skeletal tissue cells?
they are arranged in contractile units, or sarcomeres, along the fibres gives the cells a striated appearence
what does muscle building do?
muscle building increases the size not the number of muscle fibres
what are smooth muscle cells?
they lack striations, they are found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs. responsible for involuntary movement (ie. constriction of arteries)
these cells are spindle shaped
what are cardiac muscles?
they form the contractile wall of the heart. they are striated like the skeletal muscle cells. cardiac muscles have fibres that are interconnected via intercalated disks, which relay signals from cell to cell and help synchronize the heart contractions
what are nervous tissues?
functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information
what do nervous tissues contain?
they contain neurons aka nerve cells and glial cells
what do neurons aka nerve cells do?
they transmit nerve impulses. they are the basic units of the nervous system. a neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its cell body and dendrites. neurons transmit impulses to many other cells via their axons: which are often bundled together into nerves.
what are glial cells?
they are support cells, they help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons, and in some cases, modulate neuron function
