Chapter 13

Question 1

Messenger RNA

Answer 1

This is the single stranded copy of RNA that
carries the instructions from the parent copy DNA.

Question 2

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 2

Large multiple protein structure along
with RNA molecule which resembles a copy machine to
read mRNA to produce Protein.

Question 3

Transfer RNA

Answer 3

tRNA molecules are the molecule consisting RNA that contain the essential amino acids to translate the code.

Question 4

What is the one function of RNA molecules?

Answer 4

Protein synthesis. RNA molecules control the amino acid to protein assembly

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

In transcription, segments of DNA serve as the templates to produce
complementary mRNA molecules.

Question 6

RNA polymerase is…

Answer 6

The main protein involved in transcription uses DNA as a template to create the single-stranded RNA molecule

Question 7

TATA Box

Answer 7

Promoter regions on DNA usually littered with thymine and adenine. RNA lands here to signal the start of a gene.

Question 8

Introns

Answer 8

Changes in eukaryotic transcripts

Question 9

Exons

Answer 9

The final product of eukaryotic transcripts that makes its way into the cytoplasm as mRNA

Question 10

Genetic code

Answer 10

Is read three bases at a time, so that each word is three
bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.

Question 11

Codon

Answer 11

Each three letter “word” in mRNA

Question 12

Four differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 12

1. ) The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
   2.) RNA is generally single-stranded & not double stranded.
2. ) RNA contains Uracil in place of Thymine.
   4.) mRNA is located in the cytoplasm of the cell while DNA
   is located in the nucleus.

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

The decoding of mRNA into protein

Question 14

Anticodon

Answer 14

The three unpaired bases on tRNA

Question 15

Gene Expression

Answer 15

The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to Protein.

Question 16

Mutagens

Answer 16

Are chemicals or physical agents in the environment that increase the probability of genetic change.

Question 17

Translocation

Answer 17

Occurs when part of one chromosome breaks of & attaches to another chromosome.

Question 18

Polyploidy

Answer 18

Are organisms, usually plants, that have an extra set chromosomes.
These organisms have been shown to grow larger & stronger

Question 19

Operons

Answer 19

Is a group of genes that are regulated together.
• The genes on one specific Operon usually have related functions.

Question 20

The Lac Operon

Answer 20

1.) To use lactose as food, the bacterium must transport lactose across its cell membrane & then break the bonds between glucose & galactose.
2.) These tasks are accomplished by proteins coded for by genes of the Lac Operon.
• Three main genes are transcribed in the lac Operon:
• beta Galactodase: Thes enzyme hydrolyzes the bond holding the disaccharides
together.
• Lactose Permease: This is a channel protein that increases the efficiency of lactose
uptake in the cell.
• Thiogalactoside transacytalase: Unknown function:

Question 21

Promoter

Answer 21

Where RNA polymerase lands to start transcribing DNA zone a gene