Chapter 13

Question 0

Medical model

Answer 0

Abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.

Question 1

Mental disorder

Answer 1

A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment.

Question 2

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Answer 2

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

Question 3

Comorbidity

Answer 3

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

Question 4

Biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 4

Explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 5

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

Answer 5

A new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them.

Question 6

Anxiety disorder

Answer 6

The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature.

Question 7

Phobic disorders

Answer 7

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

Question 8

Specific phobia

Answer 8

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.

Question 9

Social phobia

Answer 9

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.

Question 10

Preparedness theory

Answer 10

The idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.

Question 11

Panic disorder

Answer 11

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.

Question 12

Agoraphobia

Answer 12

A specific phobia involving a fear of public places.

Question 13

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 13

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Question 14

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 14

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with and individual’s functioning.

Question 15

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 15

A disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.

Question 16

Mood disorder

Answer 16

Mental disorder that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature.

Question 17

Major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression)

Answer 17

A disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/ or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance.

Question 18

Dysthymia

Answer 18

The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depressions are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years.

Question 19

Double depression

Answer 19

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.

Question 20

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 20

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.

Question 21

Helplessness theory

Answer 21

The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (I.e. their own fault), stable (i.e. unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread).

Question 22

Bipolar disorder

Answer 22

A condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).

Question 23

Expressed emotions

Answer 23

A measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over-involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder.

Question 24

Schizophrenia

Answer 24

A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior.

Question 25

Positive symptoms

Answer 25

Thoughts and behaviors presented in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder, such as the delusions and hallucinations.

Question 26

Hallucination

Answer 26

A false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation.

Question 27

Delusions

Answer 27

A patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality.

Question 28

Disorganized speech

Answer 28

A severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics.

Question 29

Grossly disorganized behavior

Answer 29

Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances.

Question 30

Catatonic behavior

Answer 30

A marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity.

Question 31

Negative symptoms

Answer 31

Deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behavior (e.g., emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion).

Question 32

Cognitive symptoms

Answer 32

Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, attention, and working memory.

Question 33

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 33

The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.

Question 34

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 34

A condition beginning in early childhood in which people show persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.

Question 35

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 35

A persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning.

Question 36

Conduct disorder

Answer 36

A persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

Question 37

Personality disorder

Answer 37

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural exceptions and cause distress or impaired functioning.

Question 38

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Answer 38

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Question 39

Suicide

Answer 39

Intentional self-inflicted death.

Question 40

Suicide attempt

Answer 40

When a person engages in potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying.

Question 41

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 41

Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die.