Chapter 13 Flashcards
Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Sensory Input
Processing and interpretation of sensory input
Integration
Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response
Motor Output
What is the CNS made of?
Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity
What is the PNS?
The portion of the nervous system outside of the CNS
What does the PNS mainly consist of?
Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.
(spinal nerves-to & from spinal cord
cranial nerves-to & from brain)
What are the 2 functional divisions of the PNS?
Sensory (afferent) & Motor (efferent)
What is the sensory (afferent) division made of?
Somatic sensory fibers & visceral sensory fibers
Function of the somatic sensory fibers?
convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS
Function of visceral sensory fibers?
convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS
Function of motor (efferent) division?
Transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)
2 division of motor (efferent) division?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
What is the only nerve that runs the length of the body?
Vagus nerve
soma means?
body
somatic =
voluntary
visceral =
involuntary
2 branches of visceral
sympathetic & parasympathetic
sympathetic =
fight or flight
parasympathetic=
rest & digest
small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
neuroglia
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
neurons
most abundant, versatile, and highly branched CNS neuroglia cells?
astrocytes
branched cells, that wrap CNS nerve fibers to form myelin sheaths?
oligodendrocytes
cells that surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths?
Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes)
Which 2 cells surround neurons in the PNS?
Satellite cells & Schwann cells
The first level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is the __________ level.
receptor
__________ are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
ganglia
Spinal nerves are all classified as __________.
mixed nerves
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only sensory information?
olfactory
What type of nerve fibers are found in the ventral ramus of a spinal nerve?
both sensory and motor
The primary nerve that controls breathing is found in which nerve plexus?
cervical
What parts of the brain ultimately plan and coordinate complex motor activities?
cerebellum and basal nuclei
Which reflex is important for maintaining muscle tone?
stretch reflex
Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.
motor branches of ventral rami associated with the c3-c5 region of the spinal cord
Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.
flex the wrist
A herniated lumbar disc could interfere with ______.
skin sensations from the lateral and medial thigh and adduction of the thigh (all of the above)
The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors?
the # of dendritic endings present
The hyperalgesia that is common in phantom limb pain could be blocked if a new drug was developed that could prevent (without triggering any side-effects) the ______.
diffusion of calcium ions through NMDA receptors
Nerves that only carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) are called __________.
motor nerves
The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers.
false
The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.
true
External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve.
true
The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve.
cervical
Bell’s palsy is ________.
characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
olfactory
The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________.
trochlear
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?
olfactory
A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.
true
The cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the ________.
accessory
Which cranial nerve transmits information about our sense of equilibrium?
vestibulocochlear
There are __________ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
The majority of the cranial nerves attach to the __________.
brain stem
In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.
cutaneous branches of the median nerve
If “wrist drop” were to appear, there would also be an increased probability of ______.
inability to extend the forearm
Sciatica has no direct affect on ______.
control of the adductor longus
The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels.
true
The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.
true
The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord.
false
Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves.
true
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.
true
Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.
true
The obturator nerve branches from the sacral plexus
false
Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus?
phrenic
The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve.
tibial
Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________.
femoral
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
sacral plexus
Striking the “funny bone” is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________.
ulnar nerve
The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves?
common fibular and tibial
The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve?
musculocutaneous
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
a complete loss of voluntary movement
Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb. Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and had a tingling sensation. What could be his problem?
Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called “Saturday night paralysis.”
Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
median
A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________.
sciatica
The phrenic nerve serves the __________.
diaphragm
In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed
median
The thickest and longest nerve in the body is the __________.
sciatic
A joint and the muscle that moves that joint tend to be innervated by different nerves.
false
The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus_________.
lumbar plexus
Striking the “funny bone” (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus
brachial plexus
trauma to a nerve of this plexus may result in “wrist drop”
brachial plexus
a fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus
sacral plexus
the phrenic nerve branches from this plexus
cervical plexus
