Chapter 13 Flashcards
Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms
Pathogens
One normal body cell whose genetic changes cause unregulated cell division
Cancer cells
Nonspecific; keep foreign organisms or molecules out
Physical and chemical surface barriers
Nonspecific; attack any foreign organism or molecule that has gotten past the surface barriers
Internal cellular and chemical barriers
Specific; destroy specific targets and remember them
Immune resposne
A physical barrier that is nearly impenetrable; waterproof; resistant to most toxins and enzymes of invading organisms
Skin
A physical barrier that links the respiratory and digestive tracts; sticky mucus traps microbes
Mucous membranes
Chemical barrier; produces chemicals that slow or prevent growth of bacteria
Sweat and oil glands of the skin
Chemical barrier; produces hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens
Lining of stomach
Chemical barrier; slows bacterial growth with acidity; washes microbes from urethra
Urine
A chemical barrier that contains lysozyme, an enzyme that kills bacteria
Saliva or tears
Engulf pathogens (multiple types), type of WBC
Phagocytes
Arrive first
Neutrophils
Develop from monocytes that leave the circulatory system
Macrophages
Attack pathogens that are too large from phagocytosis, such as parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Also a type of WBC; search out abnormal cells, including cancer cells, and kill them
Natural killer cells
Slow viral infection; small proteins secreted by a cell infected by a virus
Interferon
Assists other defensive mechanisms; group of proteins that enhances both nonspecific and specific defense mechanims
Complement system
Destroys invaders and helps repair and restore damaged tissue
Inflammation
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain
Four signs of inflammation
Mast cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate blood flow to area increases
Redness
Temperature rises
Heat
Histamine causes capillaries to become leaky and fluid seeps into tissues
Swelling
Can be caused by excess fluid, bacterial toxins, prostaglandins
Pain
An abnormally high body temperature caused by pyrogens
Fever
Has specific responses and memory
Adaptive Immune System
Molecules found on our own cells that label cells as “self”, used by immune system to distinguish cells of your body from foreign invaders
Major histocompatibility markers (MHC)
Non Self substance or organism that triggers an immune response, often found on surface of invader
Antigens
WBCs, responsible for specificity and memory of the adaptive immune response
Lymphocytes
Form and mature in bone marrow
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland ,recognize MHC self markers
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Defend against antigens that are free in body fluids, including toxins or extracellular pathogens
Antibody-mediated immune response
Protect against cancer cells and body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens
Cell-mediated immune response
8 Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response
Threat, Detection, Alert, Alarm, Building specific defenses, Defense, Continued Surveillance, Withdrawal of forces
The body produces memory B cells and T cells following exposure to an antigen
Active immunity
Results when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal, short-lived
Passive immunity
A group of identical antibodies that bind to one specific antigen, used in research
Monoclonal antibodies
Occur when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself and attacks tissues or organs of the body
Autoimmune disorder
Overreaction by the immune system to an antigen
Allergies
Five classes of antibodies, each with a special role to play in protecting against invaders
Immunoglobulin, IgG,M,E,A,D
Extreme allergic reaction that can be fatal, caused by pooling of blood in capillaries
Anaphylactic shock
