Chapter 13

Question 1

overt behaviour

Answer 1

that which can be observed, predicted, and controlled by scientists

Question 2

Principles that help explain human behaviour

Answer 2

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 3

radical behaviourism

Answer 3

People do not know the reason for their behavior

Question 4

Who developed radical behaviourism?

Answer 4

B.F. Skinner

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

begins with an existing stimulus association.
- unconditioned stimulus evokes unconditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus evokes conditioned response

Question 6

second-order conditioning

Answer 6

building one conditioning stimulus-response association on another

Question 7

Limitations of Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

• persistence of new S-R association requires occasional pairing or reinforcement of unconditioned/conditioned stimuli
• extinction of response
• impossible to create certain S-R bonds

Question 8

Law of Effect

Answer 8

behaviours more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely if they lead to satisfying consequences

Question 9

Purpose of positive reinforcement

Answer 9

increase behaviour

Question 10

How do you apply positive reinforcement?

Answer 10

give reward following behaviour

Question 11

Purpose of negative reinforcement

Answer 11

increase behaviour

Question 12

How do you apply negative reinforcement?

Answer 12

remove aversive stimulus following behaviour

Question 13

Purpose of Extinction

Answer 13

decrease behaviour

Question 14

How do you apply exctinction

Answer 14

do not reward behaviour

Question 15

Purpose of Punishment

Answer 15

Decrease Behaviour

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

consequence that increases frequency of a behaviour

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

consequence that decreases the frequency of a behaviour

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior

Question 19

generalization

Answer 19

generalizing a response of a specific stimulus to another stimulus

Question 20

discriminate

Answer 20

differentiations between rewarding and non-rewarding behaviour

Question 21

behaviour-environment-behaviour interactions

Answer 21

environment influences peoples’ behaviour which in turn determines environment people are a part of

Question 22

behaviour potential

Answer 22

likelihood of behaviour responses occurring

Question 23

What does social learning theory rely on?

Answer 23

generalized expectancies

Question 24

generalized expectancy

Answer 24

belief we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcements/punishments

Question 25

Whose idea was locus of control?

Answer 25

Rotter

Question 26

Equation for Social Learning Theory

Answer 26

Behaviour Potential (BP) = Expectancy + Reinforcement Value

Question 27

reciprocal determinism

Answer 27

external and internal determinants of behaviour are part of a system of interacting influences

Question 28

self-regulation

Answer 28

controls behaviour in absence of external regulations and punishments

Question 29

Social cognitive theory

Answer 29

examines relationship between
- Behaviour
- external factors (rewards, punishments)
- internal factors (beliefs, thoughts, expectations)

Question 30

John B. Watson

Answer 30

demonstrated creation of abnormal behaviours through normal conditioning procedures

Question 31

What happens after the pairing of classical conditioning is removed?

Answer 31

operant conditioning takes over

Question 32

List 3 applications of classical applications

Answer 32

1. eliminate or replace S-R associations that cause clients problems
2. Systematic desensitization
3. Aversion Therapy

Question 33

List 2 applications of operant conditioning:

Answer 33

1. therapist identifies target behaviour and defines it in specific operations
2. Biofeedback

Question 34

How did Watson believe personality formed?

Answer 34

as the end product of our habit systems

Question 35

shaping

Answer 35

successive approximations of the desired behavior are reinforced

Question 36

Who proposed the affective relationship between internal states, environment, and behaviour?

Answer 36

Bandura