Chapter 13 Flashcards
overt behaviour
that which can be observed, predicted, and controlled by scientists
Principles that help explain human behaviour
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
radical behaviourism
People do not know the reason for their behavior
Who developed radical behaviourism?
B.F. Skinner
Classical Conditioning
begins with an existing stimulus association.
- unconditioned stimulus evokes unconditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus evokes conditioned response
second-order conditioning
building one conditioning stimulus-response association on another
Limitations of Classical Conditioning
- persistence of new S-R association requires occasional pairing or reinforcement of unconditioned/conditioned stimuli
- extinction of response
- impossible to create certain S-R bonds
Law of Effect
behaviours more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely if they lead to satisfying consequences
Purpose of positive reinforcement
increase behaviour
How do you apply positive reinforcement?
give reward following behaviour
Purpose of negative reinforcement
increase behaviour
How do you apply negative reinforcement?
remove aversive stimulus following behaviour
Purpose of Extinction
decrease behaviour
How do you apply exctinction
do not reward behaviour
Purpose of Punishment
Decrease Behaviour
reinforcement
consequence that increases frequency of a behaviour
punishment
consequence that decreases the frequency of a behaviour
Shaping
reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior
generalization
generalizing a response of a specific stimulus to another stimulus
discriminate
differentiations between rewarding and non-rewarding behaviour
behaviour-environment-behaviour interactions
environment influences peoples’ behaviour which in turn determines environment people are a part of
behaviour potential
likelihood of behaviour responses occurring
What does social learning theory rely on?
generalized expectancies
generalized expectancy
belief we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcements/punishments
Whose idea was locus of control?
Rotter
Equation for Social Learning Theory
Behaviour Potential (BP) = Expectancy + Reinforcement Value
reciprocal determinism
external and internal determinants of behaviour are part of a system of interacting influences
self-regulation
controls behaviour in absence of external regulations and punishments
Social cognitive theory
examines relationship between
- Behaviour
- external factors (rewards, punishments)
- internal factors (beliefs, thoughts, expectations)
John B. Watson
demonstrated creation of abnormal behaviours through normal conditioning procedures
What happens after the pairing of classical conditioning is removed?
operant conditioning takes over
List 3 applications of classical applications
- eliminate or replace S-R associations that cause clients problems
- Systematic desensitization
- Aversion Therapy
List 2 applications of operant conditioning:
- therapist identifies target behaviour and defines it in specific operations
- Biofeedback
How did Watson believe personality formed?
as the end product of our habit systems
shaping
successive approximations of the desired behavior are reinforced
Who proposed the affective relationship between internal states, environment, and behaviour?
Bandura
