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Joints Chapter 9 > Chapter 13/14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13/14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are your 4 cerebral lobes?

A
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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2
Q

Some functions of parietal lobe?

A

Movement, spatial orientation, recognition, perception

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3
Q

Some functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Reasoning, problem solving, speech function, emotions, movement

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4
Q

Some functions of the occipital lobes?

A

Visual processing

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5
Q

Some functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception and recognizing speech and faces, memories, speaking ability

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Where spoken language is understood

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7
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Where speech production takes place

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8
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

Deals with pain, bodily/self awareness, anxieties

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9
Q

What are the halves of the cerebrum connected by?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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10
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Subcoritcal grey matter

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11
Q

What is the basal nuclei responsible for?

A

Helping coordinate voluntary movements

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12
Q

What are the major components of the basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
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13
Q

What is the basal ganglia related to?

A

Action selection

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14
Q

What is found in the basal ganglia?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

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15
Q

What are the disorders of the basal nuclei-hyperkinesias & dyskinesias

A
  • Huntington’s
  • Tourette’s
  • Parkinson’s
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16
Q

What is hyperkinesia?

A

A very rapid spasmodic motion

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17
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Abnormal or painful movement

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18
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • Filters sensory information before it reaches cerebral cortex, conducts motor information
  • Alertness, sleep
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19
Q

What sits on top of the brain stem & is the largest part of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Body temp, hunger, thrist, rage, agression, sex drive

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21
Q

Which systems is the hypothalamus a part of?

A

Endocrine & limbic

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22
Q

What includes the mammillary bodies?

A

Part of the hypothalamus/limbic system

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23
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

Includes pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

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24
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Consist of fear, anger, sexual motivation, & feelings of pleasure
  • 2 large structures: amygdala & hippocampus
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25
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Fornix, cingulate gyrus, the hypothalamus, & part of the olfactory cortex

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26
Q

What are the 5 parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus (80%)
  2. Metathalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Epithalamus
  5. Sub-thalamus (pre-tectum)
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27
Q

What is the amygdaloid body?

A

Almond shaped structure, involved in memories, emotional responses, hormonal secretions

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28
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Memory indexer (long term storage and memory retrieval)

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29
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A
  • Diffuse network of neurons throughout the midbrain and brain stem that are involved in sleep and wakefulness
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30
Q

What is the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A
  • Top of the brain stem (smallest)
  • Relay station for auditory and visual information
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31
Q

What does tectum mean?

A

Ceiling

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32
Q

What does tegmentum mean?

A

Floor

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33
Q

What does the tectum include?

A
  • Corpora quadregemina (bumps)
  • Superior colliculli (visual)
  • Inferior colliculi (auditory)
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34
Q

What does the cerebellum include?

A
  1. Arbor vitae
  2. Balance/ postural reflexes
  3. Sequential, repeated movements
  4. Ataxia
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35
Q

What is pons?

A
  • Horseshoe shaped structure
  • Relay station for motor and sensory
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36
Q

What connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata?

A

Pons

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37
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls autonomic functions (breathing, digestion, heart & blood vessel function, swallowing and sneezing)

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38
Q

What are the spinal cord functions?

A
  • Conduction or sensory input and motor commands
  • Neural integration-neural pools
  • Locomotion- central pattern generators
  • Reflexes
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39
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A
  • Ventral and dorsal roots
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Are mixed
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40
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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41
Q

What is a spinal tract?

A
  • Bundles of axons
  • Ascending-sensory
  • Descending-motor
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42
Q

What happens in ascending tracts?

A

1st order (from receptor to brain stem or cord)
2nd order (continues to thalamus, which acts as a gateway)
3rd order (carries the signals to the sensory part of the cerebral cortex)

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43
Q

What happens in descending tracts?

A

Carries motor signals downward

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44
Q

What is the upper motor neuron?

A

Carry information to lower motor neurons

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45
Q

What is a lower motor neuron?

A

A nerve cell that goes from the spinal cord to a muscle. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is in the spinal cord and its termination is in a skeletal muscle. The loss of lower motor neurons leads to weakness, twitching of muscle

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46
Q

What is a word for twitching of muscle?

A

Fasciculation

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47
Q

What is a word for loss of muscle mass?

A

Muscle atrophy

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48
Q

What are examples of upper motor neuron damage?

A

Hyperreflexia & spasticity

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49
Q

What are examples of damage to lower motor neurons?

A

Hyporeflexia, flaccidity, atrophy

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50
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Pre-programmed motion or reaction thats designed to prevent bodily harm or death

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51
Q

What are the steps in reflexes?

A
  1. Activation of a receptor
  2. Activation of a sensory neuron
  3. Information processing by an interneuron
  4. Activation of a motor neuron
  5. Response by a peripheral effector
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52
Q

Rule of thumb for synapses?

A

The more synapse you have, the slower the reaction is going to be but the less predictable it’s going to be

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53
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A

Aortic arch>common carotids>internal & external carotids>internal carotid branches out to form the Circle of Willis

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54
Q

What is the proper term for a stroke?

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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55
Q

What does ischemia mean?

A

Loss of blood flow

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56
Q

Name and define two types of strokes

A

Ischemic - blood clot in a artery of the brain
Hemorrhagic - internal brain bleed

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57
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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58
Q

What is a dura mater?

A

Attaches to inside of skull-has a meningeal layer and endosteal layer with venous sinuses between

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59
Q

What is a arachnoid?

A

Vascular;villi; subarachnoid space

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60
Q

What is a pia mater?

A

Held to the brain surface by astrocytes

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61
Q

What are the layers of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Vertebra
  2. Epidural space
  3. Dura mater
  4. Subdural space
  5. Arachnoid layer
  6. Sub-arachnoid space
  7. Pia mater
  8. Spinal cord
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62
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid (CF) fill?

A

Fill the subarachnoid space, circulates through the central canal

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63
Q

What cells are associated with the formation of CF?

A

Ependymal cells

64
Q

What 2 systems make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic & autonomic

65
Q

What system is voluntary and controls the skeletal system?

A

Somatic system

66
Q

What system deals with smooth and cardiac muscles?

A

Autonomic system

67
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

The outermost surface of the nerve (fibrous connective tissue)

68
Q

What are fascicles surrounded by?

A

Perineurium - fibrous connective tissue

69
Q

Each individual axon inside a fascicle of a nerve is surrounded by a loose connective tissue called

A

Endoeurium

70
Q

What are your 4 nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, & sacral

71
Q

What is the neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm (phrenic nerve) plexuses?

A

Cervical

72
Q

What is your musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, acollarte, and radial nerves (nerve) plexuses?

A

Brachial

73
Q

What is your genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and femoral nn nerve plexus?

A

Lumbar

74
Q

What is your pudendal, sciatic, fibular and tibular nerve plexuses

A

Sacral

75
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A region of skin that is innervated by a particular pair of spinal nerves

76
Q

What is a Claudia action?

A
77
Q

What is a claudication?

A

A limp

78
Q

Cranial nerve I

A
  • Olfactory nerve
  • Special sensory for smell
79
Q

Cranial nerve II

A
  • Special sensory
  • From retina
80
Q

Cranial nerve III

A
  • Oculomotor nn.
  • Intristic eye muscles
81
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A
  • Trochlear nn
  • Motor to superior oblique eye mm.
82
Q

Cranial nerve V

A
  • Trigeminal nn.
  • Largest cranial nn.
  • Sensory to face, motor to jaw
83
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A
  • Abducens nn.
  • Motor to the lateral rectus mm. of the eye
84
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A
  • Facial nerve
  • Sensory to taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Visceral motor to tear, nasal mucus, and salivary glands
85
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Special sensory for balance and equilibrium, hearing
  • Originates in receptors of inner ear
86
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A
  • Glossopharyneal nn.
  • Mixed nn.; sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Receptors for blood pressure, pH, O2, CO2
87
Q

Cranial nerve X

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Parasympathetic
  • Thorax and abdomen to the diaphragm and visceral thoracic and abdominopelvic organs
88
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A
  • Accessory nn.
  • Motor to muscles of neck and upper back
89
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A
90
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A
  • Hypoglossal nn.
  • Motor to tongue
91
Q

What is the brain?

A
  • Contains 100 billion cells (neurons & glia cells)
  • 2% of body weight, receiving 20% of the blood supply
  • Roughly 3 pounds
  • Filled with neurons & neuroglia
92
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Covers outside of the brain (gray area)

93
Q

List the protections of the brain?

A
  1. Cranial bones
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CF)
94
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

2 lateral (each side)
1 third ventricle (middle)

95
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

One large LATERAL ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere
THIRD ventricle - diencephalon midline
FOURTH ventricle - extends into the medulla oblongota (goes into the central canal)

96
Q

What is choroid plexus?

A

A cluster of capillaries that contains ependymal cells

97
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Glial cells that filter out & manufacturers cerebrospinal fluid

98
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, handbrain

99
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum & diencephalon

100
Q

What is the midbrain made up of?

A

Rostral brainstem

101
Q

What is the handbrain made up of?

A

Pons, cerebellum, & medulla oblongata

102
Q

What is are midbrain, pon, & medulla are referred to as?

A

A brainstem

103
Q

What it is cerebrum?

A
  • Largest part of the brain
  • Divided into right and left hemispheres
  • Contains grey outer area = neural cortex
  • Controls higher functions of conscious thought and intellectual functions
104
Q

What is gyri?

A

Elevated ridges

105
Q

What are depressions called?

A

Sucli

106
Q

What is pre-central gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex

107
Q

What is the post-central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory cortex

108
Q

Bi-

A

Two

109
Q

Cerebro-

A

Brain

110
Q

Dendre-

A

Tree, branched

111
Q

Dys-

A

Bad, disordered

112
Q

Infra-

A

Beneath

113
Q

Myo-

A

Muscle

114
Q

Orb-

A

A circle

115
Q

Peri-

A

Around

116
Q

Platy-

A

Flat

117
Q

Pre-

A

Before

118
Q

Pro-

A

First

119
Q

Sacro-

A

Flesh

120
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

121
Q

-ia

A

Condition

122
Q

-ineum

A

Discharge

123
Q

-lemma

A

Husk

124
Q

-trophy

A

Nourishing

125
Q

What do the afferent spinal nerves do?

A

Carries information from the body to the brain

126
Q

What does the efferent spinal nerve do?

A

Carries information from the brain to the body

127
Q

Locate and give function of the primary motor cortex

A
  • Part of the frontal lobe
  • Generates signals to direct the movement of the body
128
Q

Locate and give function of the primary sensory cortex

A
  • Located in the post central gyrus
  • Detects sensory information from the body regarding temp, proprioception, touch, texture, and pain
129
Q

What is the main function of the amygdala?

A

Processing fearful and threatening stimuli

130
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body

131
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

Your body’s information relay station

132
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A
133
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

Controls motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions

134
Q

What is the main function of the pons?

A

Handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

135
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

To keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis

136
Q

Where is CSF? What cells makes it? What should it look like? Between what layers of dura does it circulate? Name that space.

A

Made by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain and is made between pia mater and the arachnoid mater

137
Q

A person has a fatal stroke in the part of the brain that contains the respiratory and blood pressure centers. Where would that be?

A

Ischemic stroke & it occurs in the blood vessels (arteries)

138
Q

What is the proper name for a stroke?

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

139
Q

What are the 2 types of strokes?

A

Ischemic & hemorrhagic

140
Q

What do you call a mini stroke?

A

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

141
Q

What does the word desiccate mean?

A

The drying out of a living organism

142
Q

A stroke in the left motor cortex would do what to the body’s ability to move?

A

The patient may have trouble lifting their right arm, moving fingers on their right hand, controlling their right leg movements

143
Q

What can you tell about the information transported along ascending and descending tract?

A

Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain

Descending tracts carry motor information (like instructions to move)

144
Q

List and name the 12 cranial nerves, using Roman numerals

A
  1. I olfactory never
  2. II optic nerve
  3. III oculomotor nerve
  4. IV trochlear nerve
  5. V trigeminal nerve
  6. VI abducens nerve
  7. VII facial nerve
  8. VIII vestibuocochlear nerve
  9. IX glossopharyngeal nerve
  10. vagus nerve
  11. XI accessory never
  12. XII hypoglossal
145
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE I

A

Olfactory nerve

146
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE II

A

optic nerve

147
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE III?

A

Oculomotor nerve

148
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

149
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

150
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE VI?

A

Abducens nerve

151
Q

What is the CRANIAL NERVE VII?

A

Facial nerve

152
Q

What is the CRANIAL VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

153
Q

What is the CRANIAL IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

154
Q

What is the CRANIAL X?

A

Vagus nerve

155
Q

What is the CRANIAL XI?

A

Accessory nerve

156
Q

What is the CRANIAL XII?

A

Hypoglossal

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