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Chapter 12 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The adult spinal cord

A

ends between vertebrae L1 and L2
1/2 inch (14mm) wide
about18 inches (45cm) long

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2
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A
  • Grooves divide the spinal cord into left & right
  • Posterior median sulcus
    – on the posterior side
  • Anterior median fissure:
    – deeper groove on anterior side
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3
Q

The Distal End (3)

A

Conus medullaris:
- thin, conical final cord below lumbar enlargement
Filum terminale:
- thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of conus medullaris
- attaches to coccygeal ligament
Cauda equina:
- nerve roots extending below counts medullaris

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4
Q

Naming Spinal Nerves

A

Cervical nerves:
- are named for inferior vertebra
All other nerves:
- are named for superior vertebra

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5
Q

Roots

A

2 branches of spinal nerves:
ventral root:
- contains axons of motor neurons
dorsal root:
- contains axons of sensory neurons
Dorsal root ganglia:
- contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

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6
Q

The Spinal Nerve

A

Each side of spine
- dorsal and ventral roots join
- to form a spinal nerve

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7
Q

The Meninges

A
  • specialized membranes isolate the spinal cord from the surroundings
    Spinal meninges:
  • protect the spinal cord
  • carry blood supply
  • continuous with cranial meninges
    meningitis:
  • viral or bacterial infection of the meninges
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8
Q

The Meningeal Layers

A

Dura mater (superficial):
- outer layer of the spinal cord
Arachnoid mater:
- middle meningeal layer
Pia meter(deepest layer) :
- inner meningeal layer

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9
Q

The epidural space

A
  • between spinal dura mater and walls of the vertebral canal
  • contains loose connective and adipose tissue
  • anesthetic injection site
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10
Q

Inter-layer spaces

A

Subdural space:
- between arachnoid mater and dura mater
Subarachnoid space(tiny thin black line):
- between arachnoid mater and Pia mater
- contains collagen/elastin fiber network(arachnoid trabeculae)
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

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11
Q

Structures of the Spinal Cord

A

Paired denticulated ligaments:
- extend from Pia mater to dura mater
- stabilize side-to-side movement
Blood vessels:
- along the surface of the spinal Pia mater
- within subarachnoid space

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12
Q

White Matter

A
  • superficial
  • contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
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13
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • Surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord
  • contains neurons cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons
  • has projections (gray horns)
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14
Q

Nuclei

A

Nuclei
- functional groups of cell bodies
Sensory nuclei
- dorsal(posterior)
- connect to peripheral receptors
Motor Nuclei:
- ventral (anterior)
- connect to peripheral effectors

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15
Q

What’s the organization of white matter?

A

3 columns (funiculi) on each side of the spinal cord:
- posterior white columns
- anterior white columns
- lateral white columns

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16
Q

Tracts

A

Tracts or fasciculi:
- in white columns
- bundles of axons
- relay same information in same direction
Ascending tracts = sensory tracts
- carry information to brain
Descending tracts = motor tracts
- carry motor commands to spinal cord

17
Q

Organization of spinal nerves

A

Every spinal cord segment:
- is connected to a pair of spinal nerves
every spinal nerve:
- is surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers
- that is support structures and contain blood vessels

18
Q

3 Connective tissue layers

A

Epineurium: most superficial, wrap the entire nerve
- outer layer
- dense network of collagen fibers
Perineurium:
- middle layer
- divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)
Endoneurium:
- inner layer
- surrounds individual axons

19
Q

Dermatomes

A
  • bilateral region of skin
  • monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves
  • Map of skin that represents which spinal nerve is responsible for the sensation in what we feel on our skin.
20
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A
  • complex, interwoven networks of nerve fibers
  • formed from blended fibers of ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves
  • control skeletal muscles of the neck and limbs
21
Q

What numbers are Cervical plexus and what nerve?

A

C1 to C5
Phrenic nerve

22
Q

What numbers are Brachial Plexus and what nerve? What does it control?

A

C5 to T1
Axillary nerve
As a whole innovate control muscle of arm and hand

23
Q

What numbers are Lumbar plexus and what nerve?

A

T12 to L4
Femoral nerve

24
Q

what numbers are Sacral plexus and what nerve?

A

L4 to S5
Sciatic nerve which is biggest nerve in body

25
Q

what are T2 to T11?

A

thoracic nerve strait

26
Q

what are T2 to T11?

A

thoracic nerve Straight

27
Q

Reflexes

A
  • automatic responses coordinated within spinal cord
  • through interconnected sensory, motor, and interneurons.
  • produce simple and complex reflexes
28
Q

Neutral Reflexes

A
  • Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli
  • basic building blocks of neural function
  • 1 neural reflex proceeds 1 motor response
29
Q

The reflex Arc

A
  • the wiring of a single reflex
  • beginning at receptors
  • ending at the peripheral effector
30
Q

Complexity

A

The complexity of neural circuit:
- monosynaptic reflex:
– sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron
- polysynaptic reflex:
– at least 1 interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

31
Q

Spinal reflexes range in what?

A

Range in increasing order of complexity:
- monosynaptic reflexes
- polysynaptic reflexes
- intersegmental reflex arcs

32
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

Have least delay between sensory input and motor output:
- ex. stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex)
Completed in 20-40 msec

33
Q

Withdrawal Reflexes

A

Move body part away from the stimulus (pain or pressure):
ex. flexor reflexes
- pulls hand away from hot stove
Strength and extent of response:
- depends on intensity and location of stimulus

34
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

For flexor reflex to work:
- the strength reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle must be inhibited (reciprocal inhibition) by interneurons in spinal cord

35
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

Ipsilateral reflex arcs:
- occur on the same side of body as stimulus
- stretch, tendon, and withdrawal reflexes
Crossed extensor reflexes:
- involves a contralateral reflex arc
- occurs on side opposite stimulus

36
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflexes

A

Occur simultaneously, coordinated with flexor reflex
ex. flexor reflex causes the leg to pull up:
- crossed extensor reflex straightens the other leg
- to receive body weight
- maintained by reverberating circuits

37
Q

Integration and control of spinal reflexes

A

Though reflex behaviors are automatic:
- processing centers in brain can facilitate or inhibit reflex motor patterns based in spinal cord

38
Q

Voluntary movements and reflex motor patterns

A
  • Higher centers of the brain incorporate lower, reflexive motor patterns
    Automatic reflexes:
  • can be activated by brain as needed
  • use few nerve impulses to control complex motor functions
  • walking, running, jumping

Chapter 12 (3 decks)

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