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Chapter 12 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural Tissue (what it contains)

A

2 kind of cells:
- neurons: send and receive signals
- neuroglia(glial cells): support and protect neurons

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2
Q

What are the organs of the Nervous system?

A
  • Brain & Spinal cord
  • Sensory receptors of sense organs(eyes, ears, etc.)
  • Nerves connect nervous system w/ other systems
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3
Q

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central nerves system (CNS)
  2. Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system has what

A

efficient div (motor div)
sub
Somatic div(voluntary) - commands the skeletal system)
Autonomic Div - commands smooth muscles & cardiac M & glands
sub
sympathetic sum: fight or flight
palsym div.

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5
Q

Functions of the Central Nervous System?

A

process and coordinate:
- sensory data, from inside and out the body
- motor commands: control activities of peripheral organs (ex. skeletal muscles)
- higher functions of brain: intelligence, memory, learning, emotion

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6
Q

Functions of the Peripheral nervous system(PNS)?

A
  1. Deliver sensory information to the CNS
  2. Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
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7
Q

What are the functional divisions of the PNS and what do they do?

A
  1. Afferent divison:
    - carries sensory information
    - from PNS sensory acceptors to CNS
  2. Efferent division:
    - carries motor commands
    - from CNS to PNS muscles and glands
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8
Q

What does Somatic Nervous System (SNS) do?

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions:
- voluntary muscle contractions
- involuntary muscle contractions(reflexes)

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9
Q

what does autonomic nervous system (ANS) do?

A

Controls subconscious actions:
- contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
- glandular secretions

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10
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division:
- has a stimulating effect
Parasympathetic division:
- has a relaxing effect

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11
Q

Neurons. what are they?

A

the basic functional units of nervous system

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12
Q

Synapse. what is it?

A

Area where a neuron communicates with another cell

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13
Q

Cell Interfaces?

A

Presynaptic cell: neuron that (sends) message
Postsynaptic cell: cell that (receives) message

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14
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A
  • chemical messengers
  • they’re released at presynaptic membrane
  • Affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane
  • broke down by enzymes
  • reassembled at synaptic knob
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15
Q

Functions of Sensory Neurons?

A
  • Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons) (feeling pain inside your body)
  • Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons) (feeling pain outside your body)
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16
Q

what are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Interoceptors
  2. Exteroceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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17
Q

what do interoceptors do?

A
  • monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive )
  • internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)
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18
Q

what do exteroceptors do?

A

(anything outside body)
- external senses (touch, temperature, pressure)
- distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)

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19
Q

what do proprioceptors do?

A

They monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

20
Q

Motor Neurons do what?

A
  • carry instructions from CNS to Peripheral effectors
  • via efferent fibers (axons)
21
Q

What are the 2 major efferent systems and what does each one do?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system (SNS): includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles (controls voluntary)
  2. Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS): visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors: ex. smooth muscle, cardiac, glands, adipose tissue (involuntary)
22
Q

what is neuroglia?

A

-half the volume of nervous system
-many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS
(the body doesn’t reveal neurons, scar tissue is created in replace)

23
Q

what are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia

all CNS brain or spinal cord

24
Q

Ependymal Cells are what?

A
  • Form epithelium called ependyma
  • Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain:
    1. Make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    2. contains stem cells for repair
    3. have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
25
Q

Astrocytes, what are they?

A
  • maintain the blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS)
  • repair damaged neural tissue
  • control interstitial environment
26
Q

Oligodendrocytes what are they?

A
  • Wrap around axons to form to make myelin sheaths (myelin or myelin sheaths, same thing)

Myelination(myelin):
- increases the speed of action potentials
- makes nerves appear white

27
Q

What does Myelination(myelin) do?

A
  • increases the speed of action potentials
  • makes nerves appear white
28
Q

white matter and gray matter?

A
  • White matter:
  • regions of CNS with many. delineated nerves
  • Gray matter:
  • unmyelinated areas of CNS
29
Q

Microglia, what are they?

A
  • clean up
  • Migrate through neural tissue
  • Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens
30
Q

What are the neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous systems (PNS)?

A
  1. Satellite cells - provide nutrients to Peripheral nerves
  2. Schwann cells; make myelin for PNS
31
Q

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

A

Wallerian Degeneration:
- axon distal to injury degenerates

Schwann cells:
- form a path for new growth
- wrap new axon in myelin

32
Q

Action potentials

A
  • propagated changes in transmembrane potential
  • affect an entire ((something) membrane
  • link graded potentials at cell body with motor end plate actions
33
Q

All-or-None Principle is when?

A
  • if a stimulus exceeds the threshold amount: - the action of potential the same
  • no matter how large the stimulus

-action potential is either triggered or not

34
Q

Axon Diameter and Propagation Speed?

A
  • Ion movement is related to cytoplasm concentration
  • Axon diameter affects action potential speed
  • The larger diameters, the lower the resistance
35
Q

What are the 3 groups of Axons?

A

classified by:
- diameter
- myelination
- speed of action potentials
Type A, Type B, and Type C fibers

36
Q

Type A Fibers

A

the fastest (140 m/sec)
- Myelinated (= speed)
- Large Diameter (= speed)
- Carry rapid information to/from CNS
- ex. position, balance, touch, and motor impulses (sharp pains)

37
Q

Type B Fibers

A
  • Myelinated
  • Medium diameter
  • Medium speed (18 m.sec)
  • Carries info faster than type C but slower than Type A
38
Q

Type C fibers

A
  • Unmyelinated
  • small diameter
  • Slow speed (1 m/sec)
  • Carry slower information
  • ex. involuntary muscle, gland controls

gland controls and dull apin

39
Q

Cholinergic Synapses

A
  • any synapse that releases ACh:
  • all neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle fibers
  • many synapses in CNS
  • all neuron-to-neuron synapses in PNS
  • all neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of ANS parasympathetic division
40
Q

Events at the Cholinergic Synapse: Step 1

A
  • Action potential arrives, depolarizes synaptic knob
41
Q

Events at the Cholinergic Synapse: Step 2

A
  • Calcium ions enter synaptic knob, trigger exocytosis of ACh
42
Q

Events at the Cholinergic Synapse: Step 3

A

ACh binds to receptors, depolarizes postsynaptic membrane

43
Q

Events at the Cholinergic Synapse: Step 4

A
  • AChE breaks ACh into acetate and choline
44
Q

Synaptic Delay

A

A synaptic delay of 0.2-0.5 sec occurs between:
- arrival of action potential at synaptic knob
- and effect on the postsynaptic membrane
Fewer synapses mean a faster response
Reflexes may involve only 1 synapse

45
Q

Synaptic Fatigue

A
  • occurs when neurotransmitters can’t recycle fast enough to meet the demands of intense stimulus
  • synapse inactive until ACh is replenished

less synaptic = less delay

Chapter 12 (3 decks)

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