Chapter 13 Flashcards by Jadyn Holzbog

Are organizations designed to influence the outcome of elections through technically indirect mass media advertising.

527 Organizations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is hereditary rule until death or abdication with the authority to personally control any aspect of governance.

Absolute monarchy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a term coined by John de Graaf and colleagues to describe 21st century consumerism as a contagious social “disease” of chronic desire without fulfillment.

Affluenza

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to the condition of powerlessness, estrangement or dissociation from the workplace and or society.

Alienation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a government that suppresses political opposition through violence or the threat of violence.

Authoritarian government

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the legitimate power or institutionalized rite of a person in a particular status to have control over others.

Authority

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the direct exchange of goods or services in the absence of currency.

Barter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is an occupation in the secondary sector of the economy, particularly manufacturing.

Blue collar work

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the social class which owns and controls the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to the spread of bureaucratic principles to a wide range of organizations, especially rational/quantitative methods for achieving efficiency.

Bureaucratization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is an economic system stressing private ownership in the pursuit of personal profit.

Capitalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is power that is legitimated by the extraordinary characteristics of an individual.

Charismatic authority

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is an individual member of a specified geopolitical territory, usually a nation-state, with certain legally defined rights and responsibilities.

Citizen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is nationalism based on loyalty to the nation-state.

Civic nationalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is forcing individuals or groups into performing actions against their will through the use of violence or intimidation.

Coercion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Was a situation during the 20th century (approximately 1946-1991) in which global geopolitics was defined primarily by the competing ideologies of communism and capitalism.

Cold War

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is one large holding company that owns several corporations operating in different goods and/or services markets.

Conglomerate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Involves the public display and use of expensive items.

Conspicuous consumption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is hereditary rule that is legally limited by a constitution or charter such that the monarch becomes a symbolic figure.

Constitutional monarchy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the social preoccupation with consumption as a defining aspect of life.

Consumerism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the legally defined status of a corporation that endows it with similar but not identical rights and responsibilities as a person.

Corporate personhood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a legally created business entity that has an existence independent of its members.

Corporation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a swift, usually violent takeover of a government.

Coup d’etat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a constitutional monarchy that operates similarly to the representative democracy of a republic.

Crowned republic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is unemployment caused by fluctuations in the economy.

Cyclical unemployment

Is a political system based on direct rule by the people themselves.

Democracy

Is a view of change or progress based on the interaction of opposing forces.

Dialectic

Is a form of government in which citizens directly participate in all policy decisions through referenda or similar mechanisms.

Direct democracy

Is the degree to which the total percentage of labor in a society or organization is subdivided into particular tasks.

Division of labor

Is the forceful implementation of capitalism for the purpose of exploiting less-developed nations.

Economic imperialism

Is the social institution that organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Economy

Is a model of politics stressing the concentration of power in the hands of a small minority.

Elite Model

Is a doctrine proposing that Western liberal democracy has been accepted as the final form of human government.

End of history

Is nationalism based on loyalty to a shared cultural or ethnic identity.

Ethnic nationalism

Is the value of a commodity based on its anticipated price in relation to other commodities in the marketplace.

Exchange value

Is a belief in ideas that are contrary to one’s own best interests.

False consciousness

Is an economy of scale using efficient, low-cost assembly-line production methods.

Fordism

Is the deepening, broadening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of life.

Globalization

Is a system whereby currency is stabilized by its actual or symbolic relationship to a specified amount of gold.

Gold Standard

Is the formal organization that exercises power through the state.

Government

Is a conceptual tool of comparison developed by Max Weber. An ideal type captures the “essential rationality” of a social function or organization so that it can be compared to actually occurring instances.

Ideal type

Is when members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the boards of others.

Interlocking directorships

Is the closed system of mutual benefit between Congress, military contractors and the Department of Defense; the specific manifestation of the military-industrial complex.

Iron Triangle of Power

Are organizations of workers that collectively bargain with ownership or management for improvements in wages, benefits or working conditions.

Labor Unions

Is the doctrine of complete marketplace freedom.

Laissez-faire

Is attempting to influence the decisions of government officials or agencies. A lobbyist is any individual or organization that attempts this influence, often as paid professionals on behalf of special interest groups.

Lobbying

Is a manufacturing operation, usually in northern Mexico, that imports parts tariff free from the United States, assembles the parts into finished products and exports the products to the United States; often criticized for reducing manufacturing jobs in the U.S. while exploiting low-wage labor in Mexico.

Maquiladora

Is a system in which people are rewarded on the basis of their talents and achievements.

Meritocracy

Is the informal coalition between government, the military and the arms industry.

Military-industrial complex

Is a democratic government in which the ruling party wins the greatest number but less than 50 percent of the total seats in parliament.

Minority government

Is the control of a particular goods or services market by one company.

Monopoly

Is a corporation that operates in more than one country.

Multinational corporation

Is a modern territorial and political entity recognized by other nation-states, with precise borders and unique symbolic representations.

Nation-state

Is the control of the majority of a particular goods or services market by a small number of companies.

Oligopoly

Is an acronym for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a coalition of four Middle Eastern countries and Venezuela formed in1960 to regulate the supply and distribution of oil. OPEC now includes 14 countries in Asia, Africa and South America.

OPEC

Is a democratic legislative body composed of representatives elected from specified districts within a territory.

Parliament

Is a low to moderate-status occupation traditionally held by women.

Pink collar work

Is the built-in obsolescence of goods due to changing style or disposability.

Planned obsolescence

Is a model of politics stressing the relatively even distribution of power between many societal groups.

Pluralist model

Is formal or informal political rule by the wealthy.

Plutocracy

Are organizations designed to influence the outcome of an election or the passing of legislation through use of financial donations to candidates or political parties.

Political action committies

Is the tendency for those who identify with a liberal or conservative political ideology to become further separated in their policy positions and in their mutual emotional antipathy.

Political polarization

Is the process through which one acquires political beliefs from societal agents of socialization (family, peers, education and mass media).

Political socialization

Is a socially constructed and historically shifting continuum of political ideology generally divided between left/liberal and right/conservative.

Political spectrum

Is the social institution that organizes macro-level power in society.

Politics

Is an economy of flexibility responding to individual tastes and using advertising to create the perception of new needs.

Post-Fordism

Is the growing tendency in the 21st century for individuals to interpret political and social reality through the self-selected media representations of their own biases.

Post-truth society

Is the ability to achieve one’s goals despite opposition from others.

Power

Is the sector of the economy based on the direct exploitation of natural resources.

Primary sector

Is a high-status occupation requiring specialized knowledge.

Profession

Are those, in Marx’s view, who live by selling their labor in a capitalist economy, i.e. the working class.

Proletariat

Is power that is legitimated through formalized, standardized regulations and procedures.

Regional-legal authority

Is the process by which society becomes increasingly dominated by regulation, standardization and bureaucratization.

Rationalization

Is a form of government in which individuals are elected to represent their constituents for a specified period of time.

Representative democracy

Is unemployment caused by predictable shifts in demand for a good or service through an annual cycle.

Seasonal unemployment

Is the sector of the economy based on the transformation of natural resources into finished products.

Secondary sector

Is the control of at least 50 percent of a particular goods or services market by four or fewer companies.

Shared monoploy

Is an economic system stressing public ownership in pursuit of the equal distribution of goods and wealth.

Socialism

Is a group formed for the purpose of lobbying government in order to pass or block legislation.

Special interest group

Is the apparatus of governance that exists independent of government but which cannot function effectively without government.

State

Is joblessness due to a mismatch between available work and the skills or situations of potential employees.

Structural unemployment

Is a place of labor where workers are paid very low wages and operate in substandard conditions often for long hours.

Sweatshop

Is the sector of the economy based on the provision of services rather than tangible goods.

Tertiary sector

Is a political system with no separation between church and state such that spiritual and secular leaders are one and the same.

Theocracy

Is government that suppresses political opposition and attempts to control all aspects of civil society.

Totalitarian government

Is power that is legitimated by long-standing custom.

Traditional authority

Is the inability to find work despite actively seeking it.

Unemployment

Is the percentage of the potential labor force that is not employed despite actively seeking work in the previous four weeks.

Unemployment rate

Is the value of an item based on its inherent usefulness.

Use value

Is an occupation in the service sector of the economy, particularly office work.

White collar work