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Sociology 121: Exam 4 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are organizations designed to influence the outcome of elections through technically indirect mass media advertising.

A

527 Organizations

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2
Q

Is hereditary rule until death or abdication with the authority to personally control any aspect of governance.

A

Absolute monarchy

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3
Q

Is a term coined by John de Graaf and colleagues to describe 21st century consumerism as a contagious social “disease” of chronic desire without fulfillment.

A

Affluenza

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4
Q

Refers to the condition of powerlessness, estrangement or dissociation from the workplace and or society.

A

Alienation

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5
Q

Is a government that suppresses political opposition through violence or the threat of violence.

A

Authoritarian government

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6
Q

Is the legitimate power or institutionalized rite of a person in a particular status to have control over others.

A

Authority

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7
Q

Is the direct exchange of goods or services in the absence of currency.

A

Barter

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8
Q

Is an occupation in the secondary sector of the economy, particularly manufacturing.

A

Blue collar work

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9
Q

Is the social class which owns and controls the means of production.

A

Bourgeoisie

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10
Q

Refers to the spread of bureaucratic principles to a wide range of organizations, especially rational/quantitative methods for achieving efficiency.

A

Bureaucratization

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11
Q

Is an economic system stressing private ownership in the pursuit of personal profit.

A

Capitalism

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12
Q

Is power that is legitimated by the extraordinary characteristics of an individual.

A

Charismatic authority

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13
Q

Is an individual member of a specified geopolitical territory, usually a nation-state, with certain legally defined rights and responsibilities.

A

Citizen

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14
Q

Is nationalism based on loyalty to the nation-state.

A

Civic nationalism

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15
Q

Is forcing individuals or groups into performing actions against their will through the use of violence or intimidation.

A

Coercion

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16
Q

Was a situation during the 20th century (approximately 1946-1991) in which global geopolitics was defined primarily by the competing ideologies of communism and capitalism.

A

Cold War

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17
Q

Is one large holding company that owns several corporations operating in different goods and/or services markets.

A

Conglomerate

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18
Q

Involves the public display and use of expensive items.

A

Conspicuous consumption

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19
Q

Is hereditary rule that is legally limited by a constitution or charter such that the monarch becomes a symbolic figure.

A

Constitutional monarchy

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20
Q

Is the social preoccupation with consumption as a defining aspect of life.

A

Consumerism

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21
Q

Is the legally defined status of a corporation that endows it with similar but not identical rights and responsibilities as a person.

A

Corporate personhood

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22
Q

Is a legally created business entity that has an existence independent of its members.

A

Corporation

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23
Q

Is a swift, usually violent takeover of a government.

A

Coup d’etat

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24
Q

Is a constitutional monarchy that operates similarly to the representative democracy of a republic.

A

Crowned republic

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25
Q

Is unemployment caused by fluctuations in the economy.

A

Cyclical unemployment

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26
Q

Is a political system based on direct rule by the people themselves.

A

Democracy

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27
Q

Is a view of change or progress based on the interaction of opposing forces.

A

Dialectic

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28
Q

Is a form of government in which citizens directly participate in all policy decisions through referenda or similar mechanisms.

A

Direct democracy

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29
Q

Is the degree to which the total percentage of labor in a society or organization is subdivided into particular tasks.

A

Division of labor

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30
Q

Is the forceful implementation of capitalism for the purpose of exploiting less-developed nations.

A

Economic imperialism

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31
Q

Is the social institution that organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

A

Economy

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32
Q

Is a model of politics stressing the concentration of power in the hands of a small minority.

A

Elite Model

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33
Q

Is a doctrine proposing that Western liberal democracy has been accepted as the final form of human government.

A

End of history

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34
Q

Is nationalism based on loyalty to a shared cultural or ethnic identity.

A

Ethnic nationalism

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35
Q

Is the value of a commodity based on its anticipated price in relation to other commodities in the marketplace.

A

Exchange value

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36
Q

Is a belief in ideas that are contrary to one’s own best interests.

A

False consciousness

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37
Q

Is an economy of scale using efficient, low-cost assembly-line production methods.

A

Fordism

38
Q

Is the deepening, broadening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of life.

A

Globalization

39
Q

Is a system whereby currency is stabilized by its actual or symbolic relationship to a specified amount of gold.

A

Gold Standard

40
Q

Is the formal organization that exercises power through the state.

A

Government

41
Q

Is a conceptual tool of comparison developed by Max Weber. An ideal type captures the “essential rationality” of a social function or organization so that it can be compared to actually occurring instances.

A

Ideal type

42
Q

Is when members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the boards of others.

A

Interlocking directorships

43
Q

Is the closed system of mutual benefit between Congress, military contractors and the Department of Defense; the specific manifestation of the military-industrial complex.

A

Iron Triangle of Power

44
Q

Are organizations of workers that collectively bargain with ownership or management for improvements in wages, benefits or working conditions.

A

Labor Unions

45
Q

Is the doctrine of complete marketplace freedom.

A

Laissez-faire

46
Q

Is attempting to influence the decisions of government officials or agencies. A lobbyist is any individual or organization that attempts this influence, often as paid professionals on behalf of special interest groups.

A

Lobbying

47
Q

Is a manufacturing operation, usually in northern Mexico, that imports parts tariff free from the United States, assembles the parts into finished products and exports the products to the United States; often criticized for reducing manufacturing jobs in the U.S. while exploiting low-wage labor in Mexico.

A

Maquiladora

48
Q

Is a system in which people are rewarded on the basis of their talents and achievements.

A

Meritocracy

49
Q

Is the informal coalition between government, the military and the arms industry.

A

Military-industrial complex

50
Q

Is a democratic government in which the ruling party wins the greatest number but less than 50 percent of the total seats in parliament.

A

Minority government

51
Q

Is the control of a particular goods or services market by one company.

A

Monopoly

52
Q

Is a corporation that operates in more than one country.

A

Multinational corporation

53
Q

Is a modern territorial and political entity recognized by other nation-states, with precise borders and unique symbolic representations.

A

Nation-state

54
Q

Is the control of the majority of a particular goods or services market by a small number of companies.

A

Oligopoly

55
Q

Is an acronym for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a coalition of four Middle Eastern countries and Venezuela formed in1960 to regulate the supply and distribution of oil. OPEC now includes 14 countries in Asia, Africa and South America.

A

OPEC

56
Q

Is a democratic legislative body composed of representatives elected from specified districts within a territory.

A

Parliament

57
Q

Is a low to moderate-status occupation traditionally held by women.

A

Pink collar work

58
Q

Is the built-in obsolescence of goods due to changing style or disposability.

A

Planned obsolescence

59
Q

Is a model of politics stressing the relatively even distribution of power between many societal groups.

A

Pluralist model

60
Q

Is formal or informal political rule by the wealthy.

A

Plutocracy

61
Q

Are organizations designed to influence the outcome of an election or the passing of legislation through use of financial donations to candidates or political parties.

A

Political action committies

62
Q

Is the tendency for those who identify with a liberal or conservative political ideology to become further separated in their policy positions and in their mutual emotional antipathy.

A

Political polarization

63
Q

Is the process through which one acquires political beliefs from societal agents of socialization (family, peers, education and mass
media).

A

Political socialization

64
Q

Is a socially constructed and historically shifting continuum of political ideology generally divided between left/liberal and right/conservative.

A

Political spectrum

65
Q

Is the social institution that organizes macro-level power in society.

A

Politics

66
Q

Is an economy of flexibility responding to individual tastes and using advertising to create the perception of new needs.

A

Post-Fordism

67
Q

Is the growing tendency in the 21st century for individuals to interpret political and social reality through the self-selected media representations of their own biases.

A

Post-truth society

68
Q

Is the ability to achieve one’s goals despite opposition from others.

A

Power

69
Q

Is the sector of the economy based on the direct exploitation of natural resources.

A

Primary sector

70
Q

Is a high-status occupation requiring specialized knowledge.

A

Profession

71
Q

Are those, in Marx’s view, who live by selling their labor in a capitalist economy, i.e. the working class.

A

Proletariat

72
Q

Is power that is legitimated through formalized, standardized regulations and procedures.

A

Regional-legal authority

73
Q

Is the process by which society becomes increasingly dominated by regulation, standardization and bureaucratization.

A

Rationalization

74
Q

Is a form of government in which individuals are elected to represent their constituents for a specified period of time.

A

Representative democracy

75
Q

Is unemployment caused by predictable shifts in demand for a good or service through an annual cycle.

A

Seasonal unemployment

76
Q

Is the sector of the economy based on the transformation of natural resources into finished products.

A

Secondary sector

77
Q

Is the control of at least 50 percent of a particular goods or services market by four or fewer companies.

A

Shared monoploy

78
Q

Is an economic system stressing public ownership in pursuit of the equal distribution of goods and wealth.

A

Socialism

79
Q

Is a group formed for the purpose of lobbying government in order to pass or block legislation.

A

Special interest group

80
Q

Is the apparatus of governance that exists independent of government but which cannot function effectively without government.

A

State

81
Q

Is joblessness due to a mismatch between available work and the skills or situations of potential employees.

A

Structural unemployment

82
Q

Is a place of labor where workers are paid very low wages and operate in substandard conditions often for long hours.

A

Sweatshop

83
Q

Is the sector of the economy based on the provision of services rather than tangible goods.

A

Tertiary sector

84
Q

Is a political system with no separation between church and state such that spiritual and secular leaders are one and the same.

A

Theocracy

85
Q

Is government that suppresses political opposition and attempts to control all aspects of civil society.

A

Totalitarian government

86
Q

Is power that is legitimated by long-standing custom.

A

Traditional authority

87
Q

Is the inability to find work despite actively seeking it.

A

Unemployment

88
Q

Is the percentage of the potential labor force that is not employed despite actively seeking work in the previous four weeks.

A

Unemployment rate

89
Q

Is the value of an item based on its inherent usefulness.

A

Use value

90
Q

Is an occupation in the service sector of the economy, particularly office work.

A

White collar work

Sociology 121: Exam 4 (2 decks)

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