Chapter 12

Question 1

Is the passing along of norms, practices and values from generation to generation.

Answer 1

Acculturation

Question 2

Is the belief that all forms of life contain elements of the supernatural.

Answer 2

Animism

Question 3

Is the process of ethnic minorities adopting the cultural characteristics of the dominant group while simultaneously rejecting their ethnic traits.

Answer 3

Assimilation

Question 4

Is a statistical way to describe how variation between schools in resources affects individual student achievement test scores. In other words, the total effects on achievement thatcan be attributed to schools.

Answer 4

Between schools variation

Question 5

Is the U.S Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregated schooling and ordering desegregation in schools in the United States at all deliberate speed.

Answer 5

Brown v. Board of Education

Question 6

Is a kind of religious organization with high engagement with mainstream society.

Answer 6

Church

Question 7

Is a collection of beliefs and rituals that exists outside of institutional religion and unites people in a celebration of society.

Answer 7

Civil religion

Question 8

Is a term used to describe the first free public schools in Europe and the United States.

Answer 8

Common Schools

Question 9

Are laws passed by state legislatures that mandated that all children should attend school. Over the long term, the laws increased school enrollment and decreased illiteracy.

Answer 9

Compulsory school attendance laws

Question 10

Is when parents place a high priority on and strive to achieve the full development of their children through thoroughly engaging them in adult-sponsored activities such as piano lessons, choir and soccer and engage in adultlike conversation with them about life.

Answer 10

Concerted cultivation

Question 11

Is a group of people who gather together regularly for organized worship and religious activities.

Answer 11

Congregation

Question 12

Is an open type of education system where students compete with each other for ever-advancing opportunities.

Answer 12

Contest mobility system

Question 13

Is when colleges redirect some students from the hard conclusion that they do not have the ability to achieve society’s goal, namely to obtain a college degree, by offering various services and options to help them softly and quietly lower their goals and/or exit.

Answer 13

Cooling-out function

Question 14

Is the argument that schools provide students with specific types of educational experiences that correspond to their social class background.

Answer 14

Correspondence theory

Question 15

Is a society that uses educational credentials as a pseudo-ethnicity to control the types and numbers of people who are given entrance into rewarding occupations and, hence, the upper classes. People really learn how to do a job when they are on the job.

Answer 15

Credential society

Question 16

Is a kind of religious organization, typically centered on a charismatic leader, which offers a new interpretation of the afterlife.

Answer 16

Cult

Question 17

Refers to the resources (or knowledge, dispositions and interests) that students from advantaged social backgrounds acquire and that are rewarded by the school system. As opposed to human capital, such resources are often disguised and/or unrecognized by the social actors involved.

Answer 17

Cultural capital

Question 18

Refers to people who have left institutional religion because of dissatisfaction with its structure, organization, politics and/or attitudes.

Answer 18

Dechurched

Question 19

Is a collective governing body of congregations who share a common identity and religious tradition.

Answer 19

Denomination

Question 20

Are religious adherents with a strong focus on spreading their religion to other people.

Answer 20

Evangelical

Question 21

Is a person who attends religious services and takes advantage of congregational resources without contributing time or money.

Answer 21

Free rider

Question 22

Are religious adherents who take a literal interpretation of a religious text or teaching.

Answer 22

Fundamentalism

Question 23

Is the nonacademic learning that schools inculcate in students, such as being punctual, accepting hierarchical authority, thinking and acting individualistically, seeking individual as opposed to group rewards, etc.

Answer 23

Hidden curriculum

Question 24

Refers to the investments in one’s self, such as education, experience or expertise, which are rewarded in the job market or economy.

Answer 24

Human captial

Question 25

Is a symbolic interactionist concept that implies that humans generate meanings and attach them to things and actions in order to create shared understandings of them. Those with more power are more likely to apply the labels than those with less.

Answer 25

Labeling

Question 26

Are religions that believe in the coming of a divine figure for the redemption of humanity.

Answer 26

Messianic

Question 27

Is a phrase used to represent the situation in which a particular racial group’s educational and economic success in society, such as Asian Americans, goes beyond all other minority groups.

Answer 27

Model minority group

Question 28

Is the belief in and worship of only one god.

Answer 28

Monotheism

Question 29

Is a federal education policy of 1862 that set aside land in each state to be used by the state to develop research universities.

Answer 29

Morrill Land Grant Act

Question 30

Is the U.S Supreme Court decision of 1896 legalizing separate but equal facilities for Black and White Americans.

Answer 30

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 31

Is the belief in and worship of multiple gods.

Answer 31

Polytheism

Question 32

Are mundane, everyday things.

Answer 32

Profane

Question 33

Is the measure of religious belief in a population.

Answer 33

Religiosity

Question 34

Ae religious adherents who believe that their religion is the one true religion and others must be done away with.

Answer 34

Religious extremists

Question 35

Is the coexistence of a wide variety of religious beliefs in a single society.

Answer 35

Religious pluralism

Question 36

Are those things that are set apart from everyday life and regarded as extraordinary.

Answer 36

Sacred

Question 37

Is the tendency for disadvantaged students to be incorrectly labeled as learning disabled by teachers, which sets into motion a chain of negative consequences such as dropping out of school, inability to obtain a job, engagement in deviant forms of generating income, arrest and incarceration.

Answer 37

School-to-prison pipeline

Question 38

Is a religious organization that breaks off from a mainstream church and is less integrated with the surrounding culture.

Answer 38

Sect

Question 39

Is the decline of religious authority and separation of society into various institutional components.

Answer 39

Secularization

Question 40

Refers to social processes by which individuals take on the social labels assigned to them and act out the expectations others have for them.

Answer 40

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 41

Refers to the connections among people that cause social cohesion.

Answer 41

Social capital

Question 42

Is the idea that schools function to reproduce in the younger generation the same system of social inequality that exists among adults in society and thereby legitimize the system of class domination.

Answer 42

Social reproduction theory

Question 43

Is a closed education system in which students are selected and sorted early on for subsequent highly specialized educational training and specific lines of work post-graduation.

Answer 43

Sponsored mobility system

Question 44

Is a congressionally ordered study of the extent of segregation and equality of educational opportunity in the U.S. in 1964 that was led by sociologist James Coleman and his colleagues.

Answer 44

The Coleman Report

Question 45

Is the belief that god(s) reside separately from humans and other living things.

Answer 45

Theism

Question 46

Is formally differentiating the curriculum in terms of courses offered and types of material covered so as to provide different opportunities for students to learn. Typical tracks are called vocational, general, business, college prep and honors.

Answer 46

Tracking

Question 47

Is an acronym for White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or the typical early American settlers from Western Europe.

Answer 47

WASPs

Question 48

Is a statistical way to describe how variation within schools in a student’s family background affects individual student achievement test scores. In other words, the total effects on achievement that can be attributed to individual factors as opposed to school factors.

Answer 48

Within schools variation