Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is patronage?

A

ambitious merchants used their money to buy luxuries/hire talent

  • comissioned writers and artists to produce works
  • political leaders admired work/admiration caused commissions to skyrocket
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2
Q

What cities led the commercial revival of the eleventh century?

A

Venice, Genoa, and Milan had an enormous merchant marine, made strides in shipbuilding.
-Florence, on the fertile soil of the arno river and location on the main road north from rome, became a commercial+banking powerhouse.

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3
Q

What crises did Florence endure in the 14th century

A
  • in 1344, King Edward III repudiated his debts to florentine bankruptcy
    -lost over half its population from black death
    BUT, Material wealth derived from banking allowed economic structure to live on
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4
Q

What did the new italian wealth lead to socially?

A

social climbing made people see life as an enjoyable opportunity, not a test for god

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5
Q

What were communes?

A

Northern italian cities that were associations of free men that sought independence from nobles. Merchant guilds served as government, and often took over communes and formed oligarchies.

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6
Q

How did nobles and merchants get along in renaissance italy?

A

they intermarried, forming a powerful oligarchy. Ruling family rivalries often made communes unstable.

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7
Q

What was the popolo?

A

The common people, who were prevented from holding political office by merchant instituted rules.

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8
Q

What did popolo and merchant conflict lead to?

A

the creation of signori cities, where one man ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son. Oligarchies maintained the facade of democracy, but even those functioned similar to signori

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9
Q

What were courts?

A

signori and oligarchs showed off their wealth in art and music at their personal palaces, and mandated all political activity occur there

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10
Q

What city states dominated italy?

A

Venice, an aristocrachy
Milan, a signori led by the sforza family
Florence, led by the great medici banking family
The Papal States, led by the pope who was a member of powerful italian families, and selected for political skill.
Naples- king of aragorn

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11
Q

How did the italians create modern diplomacy?

A

In order to maintain a balance of power, they had embassies with resident ambassadors in capitals, and formed alliances against aggressive italian states.

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12
Q

What was the flaw of Italian balance of power?

A

by remaining divided, they were vulnerable to outside attack. The French king Charles VIII invaded Italy and overthrew the Medici dynast.

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13
Q

Who was Savonarola?

A

A friar who replaced the medicis as head of florence, told people to destroy their materialism. People ultimately tired of him, executed him, and brought the medicis back.

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14
Q

What ideas did the Renaissance found itself on?

A

Through ancient latin and greek literature and philosophy, renaissance thinkers developed new ideas on human nature, political rule, and education

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15
Q

Who was Francisco Petrarch?

A

believed that writers/artists of ancient rome were perfect, retreival of their texts would bring a new age of intellectual achievement.

  • proposed young men study works of greek/latin authors, use them to write and argue
  • called liberal arts/humanism
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16
Q

What were the core tenants of humanism?

A

The study of latin classics, to reveal god and understand human nature, individualism, and rhetoric.

17
Q

Who was Peter Paul Vergerio?

A

a man who believed that educating the young in history, ethics, and public speaking was a state matter.

18
Q

How did male and female education differ?

A

woman were still confined to domesticity

19
Q

What was ‘The Courtier’

A

a treatise educating young men how to be a gentleman; physical, education, and spiritual training, familiarity with art. Young women were instructed to be beautiful, delicate, modest, play an instrument and dance. Influenced european social patterns

20
Q

What was ‘The Prince’

A

political book based on efficiency instead of supernatural or morality.

21
Q

What was secularism?

A

a concern with the material over the spirit world. Lorenzo Valla defended pleasures of senses as good,

Giovannic boccaccio said sensual and worldy society was good.

22
Q

What was the role of the church in secularism?

A

papal interests encouraged worldy attitude, beautified rome, expended huge amounts of money.

23
Q

What was Christian Humanism?

A

combined humanist learning as a way to deepen peoples spiritual lives

24
Q

What was Thomas Mores ‘utopia”

A

described essential socialist community where all children recieved a greek/roman education, rationale was always developing, and even adults should still engage in intellect and business.

25
Q

what was Erasmus’s “the philosophy of Christ”

A

Christian humanism explained the bible

education si means to reform, the core of education is to study the bible/classics

26
Q

What was the effect of the printing press?

A

by the sixteenth century, ‘invisible public’ of people were interconnected by ideas they read. Gov. and church tried to ban books that threatened them, but were circumvented.

27
Q

what were patrons?

A

powerful urban groups that commisioned art to flaunt their wealth.
Later in the Renaissance, oligarchs and individuals were more patrons than corporate groups, spent vast sums to show their power.

28
Q

What was the style of renaissance art?

A

Realism, human ideals instead of spiritual, linear representation, and secular subjects.
-N europe art was more religious than italy

29
Q

What were barriers to female artists?

A

not allowed to study the nude, join mail artists for practice, and often stopped painting after marriage. More involved in textiles/needlework

30
Q

What was the role of blacks in Europe?

A

seen as exotic slaves that represented status and wealth. God was linked with light, and dark africans were considered evil

31
Q

What role did class play in the Renaissance?

A

Those who pray (clergy) Those who fight (nobility) and all other workers were distinct classes.

  • nobility associated with honor, morality, no taxes
  • merchants in third class occasionally became richer than nobles.
32
Q

What role did gender play in the Renaissance?

A

Powerful woman in royalty were considered masculine, and the cleric said that women were devious, domineering, and demanding.

‘City of ladies” role of woman by clergy questioned with historical exAMPLES of virtuous woman

33
Q

What did the weakened france do to revitilize itself?

A

King Charles reorganized royal council, strengthened finances through a direct tax, established a permanent army, and deprived the church of power by appointing bishops instead of the pope appointing bishops.

34
Q

What did england do to revitilize itself?

A

war of roses between houses of York and Lancaster sank the authority of monarcy. Yorkist Edward VI reconstructed monarchy and his brother Henry VII crushed nobility and established law at local level.
- court of star chamber prosecuted aristocracy in secret.

35
Q

What did Spain do to revitilize itself?

A

Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon pursued a loose union

  • ferdinand and isabella pushed catholic faith as dominant one in country, Jews, muslims, protestants attacked. Muslims in Grenada baptized forcibly
  • catholicism brought country together.