14

Question 1

what were the early criticisms of the church?

Answer 1

• prestige of the church was hurt after babylonian captivity, great schism.
• church was corrupt, clergy was bad, excessively ritualistic

Question 2

what were the criticisms of the clerk?

Answer 2

• immoral, ignorant, and pluralist (had many offices at same time)
• neglected celibacy rules, were drunk and gambled, were illiterate and had poor sermons
• frequently neglected responsibilities/provoked nationalistic resentment
• cleric had privelages/were exempt from taxes

Question 3

who was martin luther?

Answer 3

• german priest who pasted/confessed regularly
• wrote 95 theses to archbishop albert saying that indulgences undermined sacredness of penance, downplayed importance of christian charity, and competed with preaching of god.
• posted on front of churches and read througout germany

Question 4

who was johann tetzel?

Answer 4

hired by archbishop albert to run the sale of indulgences

-created slogans, drew up price charts for different sin forgiveness, was an effective salesman

Question 5

what was the diet of worms?

Answer 5

luther was ordered to appear before a council, Charles V ordered him to recant but luther refused

Question 6

who was ulrich zwingli?

Answer 6

a swiss humanist and priest wo admired arasmus

• attacked indulgences, clerical celibacy
• city authorities agreed with his s wish to destroy clergy privelages.

Question 7

what did protestants think about salvation, religious authority, and the church?

Answer 7

• thought salvation came from faith alone VS catholics thought good work played role
• thought that religious texts were scripture and biblical, catholics believed in traditional teaching
• protestants thought that spiritual priesthood was in all believers VS catholic hierarchy.

Question 8

what is the eucharist?

Answer 8

the question of what bread and wine consumption stands for. Catholics believed it was the actual body/blood of jesus, luther believed it was symbol of last supper

Question 9

what was the Colloquy of Marburg?

Answer 9

united protestants, but could not solve the eucharist debate

Question 10

what was the appeal of protestant ideas?

Answer 10

• advocated humanist reforms like personal religion based on faith, centrality of scrpiture
• appealed to the common man who didn’t like churches wealth, and raised their own religious status

Question 11

what enabled protestantism to spread?

Answer 11

• the printing press allowed luthers thoughts to spread

- protestants binded with political leaders, required christains to obey secular leaders

Question 12

what was the first place protestantism was officially recognized?

Answer 12

denmark-norway under king christian III

• broke with church, clergy followed
• in northern norway there were violent reactions, gradual imposition

Question 13

what were the causes of the german peasant war?

Answer 13

• worsening economic condition of farmer
• nobles seizing land, imposing rents on peasants
• crop failure of 1523, 24

Question 14

what was luthers position on the peasant war?

Answer 14

initially sided with peasants, blamed nobles for robbing subjects

• said that nothing justified use of armed force
• at onset of war, luther sided with nobility, freedom from authority of rome didnt mean freedom from authority of nobles
• nobles crushed peasants

Question 15

what role did marriage play in protestantism?

Answer 15

protestants rejected celibacy

• believed in spiritual equality for men and woman, but social hierarchy of husband authority and wife obedience
• believed in divorce/remarriage
• unmarried men and woman were suspect as not being in a godly society.

Question 16

what did closing of convents do to woman?

Answer 16

• convents provided upper class woman scpoe for medical/literary talents. Marriage became only occupation after closure
• many woman fought reformation on this basis

Question 17

what was the cause of the french/hapsburg war?

Answer 17

Frederick III arranged his son Maximillian to marry Mary of burgundy, which led to hapsburgs inheriting netherland/luxembourg/burgundy

• french considered burgundy theirs+went to war
• hapsburgs used marriage instead of war as diplomacy

Question 18

Who was charles V?

Answer 18

because his family was the victim of many unexplained accidents, he inherited much of western europe

Question 19

What were the political effects of the reformation?

Answer 19

• papacy began to appear italian instead of international
• monarchies began to secularize church property/accept lutheranism
• many political authorities in germany used issue to extend power+independence from emporer

Question 20

what was the catholic/protestant conflict in switzerland?

Answer 20

• some cantons became catholic/others became protestant
• ulrich zwingli was killed in battle, peace treaty signed
• each canton (province) could determine own religion

Question 21

What was the augsburg confession? peace of augsburg?

Answer 21

chalres v’s failed attempt to reunite lutherans and catholics.
after confession, protestant territories formed a military alliance, emporer could not respond militarily due to a war with france.
after war, charles v recognized lutheranism and allowed political authority in each territory to decide denomination
peace ended charles goal of united empire

Question 22

Who was king henry viii?

Answer 22

-king of england who married catherine of aragorn, but wanted to divorce her to get a son
-pope clement was under charles v, wouldnt give him annulment
supremacy act of 1534-declared king the head of church of england.

Question 23

what was the result in england of its break with rome?

Answer 23

• henry dissolved monastaries and took their wealth
• pilgrimage of grace; a massive rebellion that was the largest in englands history
• ultimate centralization of power

Question 24

did ireland remain catholic?

Answer 24

while england claimed ireland and declared it independent, there was much catholic resistance.

Question 25

who was mary tudor?

Answer 25

catherine of aragons daughter, who turned england back to catholicism and married philip of spain.

Question 26

who was elizabeth 1?

Answer 26

anne boleyn/henry viii daughter, her reign marked the beginning of religious stability and inclusivity
elizabeth insisted upon church service but did not care protestant/catholic

Question 27

what was cavinism?

Answer 27

launched by john calvin, an ecclesiastic who converted to protestantism
-published ‘institutes of christain religion’ belief in absolute sovereignty of god+predestination

Question 28

what was the geneva catechism/consistory?

Answer 28

catechism was a religious guide for daily living

-consistory strictly regulated moral conduct of citizens, consisted of pastors and a calvin president

Question 29

who was john knox?

Answer 29

brought calvinism to scottland

Question 30

what did bohemia choose (religion)

Answer 30

because of their resentment of the corrupt roman church, and proximity to germany

Question 31

what pap reforms did the catholic reformation undertake?

Answer 31

• inclusion of a papal court to decentralize power
• sacred congregation of holy office to arrest/imprison catholic heretics
• index of prohibited books (banning of humanist readings)
• Council of Trent called to reconcile with protestants
• pluralism suppressed, indulgences stopped
• clergy ordered by council to be educated/trained

Question 32

Why was Charles V/France against Reconciliation with lutherans?

Answer 32

• they didn’t want to upset the political balance with lutherans/catholics

Question 33

what were religious barriers to council of trent?

Answer 33

lutherans/calvinists insisted scripture be sole basis for discussion/ no reconociliation

Question 34

what spurred the demand for moral/intellectual revilitization?

Answer 34

angela merici- founded ursuline order of nuns to rechristiainize societ, train mothers/wives
ignatius loyola founded society of jesus to develop spiritual discipline

Question 35

what was the concordat of bologna?

Answer 35

in exchange for declaring catholocism+pope supreme, france got right to appoint all french bishops and abbots, a huge power.

Question 36

what role did calvinism play in france?

Answer 36

• middle class+clergy embraced calvinism, called themselves huguenots
• some french nobility became calvinist to distance themselves from monarchy
• st bartholomoews day massacre= slaughter at wedding between a catholic/huguenot. led to civil war

Question 37

who was henry of navarre?

Answer 37

united ffrance under roman catholicism, bpased edict of nantes which granted liberty of conscience to huguenots.

Question 38

what role did calvinism play in the netherlands?

Answer 38

charles v grew up in netherlands, manage to limit spread of lutherasm
son philip ii recieved control of neth., calvinism spread
phillip ii sent troops to low countries to religiously pacify them.

Question 39

what happed during the spanish-netherland war

Answer 39

• at first, ten provinces went under hapsburg control, 7 under independent utrecht control. south catholic north ptestant
• english helped netherlands, wrecked spanish fleet
• spanish recognized independence