Chapter 13

Question 1

What is Transfer of Learning?

Answer 1

Learning a new skill and performing it in a new context

Question 2

When Positive Transfer occur?

Answer 2

It occurs during:
1. Similarity of skill and context components
a. Thorndike’s identical elements theory
2. Similarity in processing requirements
b. Transfer appropriate processing view

Question 3

What is Negative Transfer?

Answer 3

Rare temporary; Occurs when there is a change in spatial locations and timing structure where it requires a different movement response that can
a. Can be overcome with practice

Question 4

Why does Negative Transfer Occur?

Answer 4

1. Memory representation
2. Cognitive confusion
3. Learner’s intrinsic dynamics compete with the required task dynamics(retroactive negative transfer)

Question 5

What is Bilateral Transfer?

Answer 5

Transfer that occurs between two limbs

Question 6

What are the 2 directions of bilateral transfer?

Answer 6

1. Asymmetric Transfer
   a. Greater transfer from one limb than from the other
   
   • Research supported for greater amount from preferred limb
2. Symmetric Transfer
   b. similar transfer from one limb to the other, regardless of which was used first

Question 7

Why does Bilateral Transfer Occur?

Answer 7

1. Cognitive Explanation
   2.Motor Control Explanation
   *Research supports both

Question 8

What are the Change of Performance in Solutions Space?

Answer 8

1. Tolerance
   a. Relocation to an error-tolerant region
   2.Covariation
   b. Alignment to the solution manifold
2. Noise
   c. Minimization of dispersion

Question 9

What is the take home message?

Answer 9

Humans improve motor skills by finding a solution where the intrinsic noise matters less