Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Observational study

A

a study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed

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2
Q

Retrospective study

A

an observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined

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3
Q

Prospective study

A

an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes

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4
Q

Experiment

A

An experiment manipulates factor levels to create treatments, randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels, and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels

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5
Q

Random assignment

A

To be valid, an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random

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6
Q

Factor

A

a variable whose levels are manipulated by the experimenter

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7
Q

Response

A

a variable whose values are compared across different treatments

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8
Q

Experimental units

A

individuals on whom an experiment is performed

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9
Q

Level

A

the specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor

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10
Q

Treatment

A

the process, intervention, or other controlled circumstance applied to randomly assigned experimental units

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11
Q

Principles of experimental designs

A

control, randomize, replicate, block

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12
Q

Statistically significant

A

when an observed difference is too large for us to believe that it is likely to have occurred naturally, we consider the difference to be statistically significant

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13
Q

Control group

A

the experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level, typically either the default treatment, or a null, placebo treatment

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14
Q

Blinding

A

any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups

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15
Q

Single blind

A

when every individual in either of these classes is blinded

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16
Q

Double blind

A

when everyone in both classes is blinded

17
Q

Placebo

A

a treatment to have no affect administered so that all the groups experience the same conditions

18
Q

Placebo effect

A

the tendency of many human subjects to show a response even when administered a placebo

19
Q

Blocking

A

when groups of experimental units are similar, it is often a good idea to gather them together into blocks

20
Q

Matching

A

in a retrospective or prospective study, subjects who are similar in ways not under study may be matched and then compared with each other on variables of interest

21
Q

Designs

A

in a completely randomized design, all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment

22
Q

Confounding

A

when the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor in such a way that their affects cannot be separated