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A&P II Test 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function endocrine system?

A

The function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is the job of the receptor in the homeostatic mechanism?

A

The receptor provides information of a given stimulus.

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3
Q

What is the job of the control center in the homeostatic mechanism?

A

The control center determines the set point and the response of the body.

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4
Q

What is the job of the effector in the homeostatic mechanism?

A

The effector brings about the desired change.

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5
Q

What is the difference between a exocrine gland and a endocrine gland?

A

Endocrine gland secretes hormone directly into the blood stream.

Exocrine gland secretes hormone into a duct

i.e. sweat gland

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6
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Prostaglandins are compounds are produced from lipids that affect the organ that produces them.

***Organs such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, thymus, brain, etc..

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7
Q

What is a hormone and what are some of its characteristics?

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and affect the function of a “target cell”.

Required in small amounts (potent)

Produce long-lasting effects in target

Regulate metabolic processes

Predominantly regulated by negative-feedback.

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8
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

There are 2 types:

  1. Steroid
  2. Non-steroid
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9
Q

Define steriod hormones.

A

Steroid hormones pass easily through the target cell membrane.

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10
Q

Define Non-steriod hormones.

A

Non-steroid hormones require receptors on the target cell membrane to allow the hormone to bring about effect.

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11
Q

What are characteristics of steriod hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble
Passes easily through the cell membrane.
Examples include: thyroid hormone, estradiol, testosterone.

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12
Q

Effects of prostaglandins include:

A
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle at the lungs
  • Contraction of smooth muscle at the uterus and intestines.
  • Stimulation of the adrenal cortex.
  • Inhibition of gastric secretions.

***Recent research has shown prostaglandins play a role in plaque formation along arterial walls.

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13
Q

What are characteristics of non-steroid hormones?

A

Water-soluble
Cannot diffuse across the membrane.
Requires a membrane receptor.
Referred to as the “Second Messenger Pathway”
Examples include: parathyroid hormone (PTH), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), FSH, TSH.

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14
Q

What are the first and second messanger? In reference to non-steriod hormones.

A

1st Messenger – the hormone.
2nd Messenger - cAMP

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15
Q

What do the various effects of prostaglandins depend on?

A

their location of production

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16
Q

What is the primary mechanism of hormonal control?

A

Primary mechanism of hormonal control is through negative feedback, although positive feedback is occasionally seen.

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17
Q

How do steroid hormones bring about the desired changed?

A
  1. Hormone is released and transported to the target cell.
  2. Hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane and enters the cytoplasm.
  3. Hormone passes through the nuclear membrane and enters the nucleus.

***4. Hormone binds to a protein-receptor forming the hormone-receptor complex (H-R complex).
5. The H-R complex binds to the DNA, altering the rate of transcription.
6. Altering the rate can either stimulate or inhibit the production of a protein.
This brings about the desired effect.

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18
Q

How does the nervous system control the release of hormones

A

Nervous System directly stimulates or inhibits endocrine glands.

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19
Q

What are the 3 general control mechanisms of hormonal control?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Nervous System
  • Compound Concentration
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20
Q

How does the hypothalamus control hormone release?

A

Hypothalamus regulates the pituitary glands. Stimulating or inhibiting hormone production as necessary.

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21
Q

Define gonadotropin

A

A gonadotropin that tragets primary sex organs (ovary and testes).
In females:
FSH stimulates the maturation of the follicle and ovum.
In males:
FSH stimulates the maturation of sperm in the testes.

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22
Q

Define androgen

A

Supplemental sex hormones that target secondary sex organs.

Stimulate reproductive organ development and assist in hormone production.

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23
Q

What is G.A.S.?

A

The manner in which the body, via the Hypothalamus, responds to stress.

There are 2 stages of GAS:
Alarm
Resistance

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24
Q

What happens during the alarm stage of GAS?

A

Involves the: Sympathetic Nervous System and multiple hormones: ACTH, GH, Cortisol, NOR and Gonadotropins.

Effects include: increased blood glucose, heart rate, and breathing.

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25
Q

What happens during the resistence stage of GAS?

A

Activated in response to a continual stressor.

Effects include:
Increased blood amino acids, glucose formation, and fatty acid release.

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26
Q

Define stress

A

Stress is a condition generated due to the activity of a stressor.

note: A stressor is any factor that is capable of creating stress.

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27
Q

Define stressors and give examples of them

A

A stressor is any factor that is capable of creating stress.

Examples include: temperature, injury, infection, exercise, emotional changes, A&P professor.

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28
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituatary gland produce?

A
  1. Human Growth Hormone
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH)
  4. Prolactin
  5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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29
Q

What two hormones are stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?

Note: posterior pituitary gland does not produce hormones

A
  1. Anti-Diuretic Hormone
  2. Oxytocin
30
Q

What hormones does the tyroid gland produce?

A

3 Hormones produced:

  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothreonine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
31
Q

what hormones are produced by the Parathyroid Glands?

A

Produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

32
Q

What hormones do adrenal glands produce?

A

Produces 2 hormones:

  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine

Both involved with functioning of the sympathetic division of the A.N.S.

33
Q

What hormones do the pancreas produce?

A

Endocrine glands are the Islets of Langerhans (IL) which produce 2 hormones:

  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
34
Q

What hormones are produced by the thymus gland?

A

Produces the hormone, Thymosin.
Thymosin affects the maturation of lympocytes.

35
Q

What hormone do the ovaries secrete?

A

The developing follicle secretes the hormone, Estrogen.

36
Q

What hormone does the heart secrete?

A

The heart secretes Atrial Natriuretic hormone (ANP). Leads to increased urinary sodium excretion.

37
Q

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A

erythropoietin

38
Q

Define acromegaly, its causes, and its symptoms?

A

Acromegaly – hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood.

Characterized by:

  • Large extremities (large hands, large feet)
  • Thickened, protruding jaw
  • Protruding forehead
39
Q

Define pituitary dwarfism, its cause, and its symptoms

A

Pituitary Dwarfism – hyposecretion of hGH (human growthhormone) during adolescence.

  • Slow bone growth.
  • Rapid closing of the epiphyseal plate
  • Small extremities (small hands and feet)
  • Insulin resistance
  • Lipid abnormalities
40
Q

Define pituitary gigantism, its cause, and its symptoms

A

Pituitary Gigantism – hypersecretion of hGH during adolescence.

Abnormal increase in the length of long bones.
Similar to Acromegaly.

41
Q

Define diabetes insipidus

A

Diabetes insipidus - hyposecretion of ADH.

  • Diuresis, dehydration, thirst.
  • Treated with ADH nasal spray.
42
Q

Define Graves Disease?

A 
Graves Disease – autoimmune disorder that causes growth of thyroid and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.
 No regulation (no negative feedback).
43
Q

What are symptoms of graves disease?

A

Symptoms:
Weight loss, fatigue, rapid heart rate, bulging/protruding eyes, goiter formation.

44
Q

Define goiter and its cause?

A

Goiter: swelling in the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland.

  • Iodine deficiency prevents the formation of thyroid hormones.
  • Lack of thyroid hormones lead to the release of TSH which stimulates the thyroid gland.
  • Stimulated thyroid gland results in the enlargement of the gland.

However, still not able to produce T3/T4.

45
Q

Define Hashimotos Disease

A

Hashimoto’s Disease – autoimmune disorder where T-cells attack the cells of the thyroid.

46
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Weight gain, depression, mania, fatigue, panic attacks, high cholesterol, reactive hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, cramps

47
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine

Both involved with functioning of the sympathetic division of the A.N.S.

48
Q

What hormone does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Androgens.

49
Q

Define cushings disease, its symptoms, and cause

A

Cushing’s Disease – hypersecretion of AC hormones (cortisol) due to pituitary tumor (hypersecretion of ACTH) or steroid administration.

Symptoms: Hyperglycemia, hypertension, wasting of muscles, decreased immune function, “moon face,” and “buffalo hump.”

Most commonly caused by the administration of steroids (such as prednisone or dexamethasone) for transplant patients, asthma, or chronic inflammatory disorders.

50
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • bone, muscle, fat
  • growth of tissues
51
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • secrete hormones
52
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • mammary glands
  • produce milk
53
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • adrenal cortex
  • secrete hormones
54
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • In males: interstitial cells in testes
  • in females: mature ovarian follicle
  • males: testosterone secretion
  • females: ovulation
55
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • males: semi-niferous tubules of testes
  • females: ovarian follicle
  • males: sperm production
  • females: follicle/ovum maturation
56
Q

Triiodothryronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • thyroid
  • all cells
  • regulates rate of metabolism
57
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • reabsorption of Na+ and water (increases blood pressure)
58
Q

Cortisol is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • all cells
  • rate of glucose metabolism
59
Q

Estrogen is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • ovarian follicle
  • secondary sex organs
  • development at puberty and maintenance throughout life
60
Q

Progesterone is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • corpus luteum of ovary
  • uterine endometrium
  • preparation for implantation (thickens, etc)
61
Q

Testosterone is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • interstitial cells of testes
  • secondary sex organs
  • development at puberty and maintenance
62
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • reabsorption of water ( increases blood pressure)
63
Q

Oxytocin (OT) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • osterior pituitary
  • uterine smooth muscle and suckled nipples
  • contraction during labor and release of milk
64
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • parathyroids
  • proximal kidney tubules, osteoclasts, intestine
  • reabsorption of Ca2+ into blood, bone resorption, dietary Ca 2+ absorption (increases blood Ca2+)
65
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • thyroid
  • distal convoluted tubules and osteoblasts
  • secretion of Ca2+ into urine, bone formation (de-creases blood Ca2+
66
Q

Insulin is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • β-cells of pancreatic Islets
  • all cells, liver and skeletal muscle
  • pushes glucose into cells from blood, glycogen formation (decreases blood glucose)
67
Q

glucagon is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • α-cells of pancreatic Islets
  • liver and skeletal muscle
  • breakdown of glycogen (increase in blood glucose)
68
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • cardiac muscle, arteriole and bronchiole smooth muscle,
  • diaphragm, etc
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure…
69
Q

Melatonin is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • pineal
  • limbic system
  • circadian rhythm, emotions/behavior
70
Q

Thymosin is secreted by what gland, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site?

A
  • thymus
  • t-lymphocytes
  • maturation

A&P II Test 3 (2 decks)

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