Chapter 1.22 Carbohydrates 2 Polysaccharides

Question 1

Define oligosaccharides

Answer 1

Molecules with 3-10 monosaccharide units

Question 2

Define hydrolysis reaction

Answer 2

Reaction where the glycosidic bonds are broken by the addition of water molecule

Question 3

What is amylose ?

Answer 3

Complex carbohydrate containing only glucose monomers joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and forms long in branches chains

Question 4

What is amylopectin?

Answer 4

Complex carbohydrate made up by glucose monomers joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly

Question 5

What is glycogen?

Answer 5

Made of many alpha glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds giving many side branches

Question 6

What is cellulose ?

Answer 6

Complex carbohydrate with beta glucose held by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 7

What are polysaccharides made from ?

Answer 7

Many monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 8

Fill the blank. Molecules containing 11 or more monosaccharide are known as ____ ______________

Answer 8

True polysaccharide

Question 9

Does polysaccharide have a sweet taste?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Is polysaccharide ideal storage molecules?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What 3 structure make polysaccharide a good storage molecules ?

Answer 11

1. Form very compact molecules so large number can be stored
2. Glycosidic bonds are easily broken, allowing rapid release of monosaccharide units for cellular respiration
3. Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential of cell and osmotic water movements

Question 12

How is glycosidic bonds between two monosaccharides split?

Answer 12

Hydrolysis reaction. Water is added

Question 13

How are polysaccharides sugars broken to release energy?

Answer 13

Broken down into shorter and shorter chains until there are eventually single sugars left

Question 14

Where does hydrolysis reaction take place in?

Answer 14

Place where cellular respiration’s are required

Question 15

Where does hydrolysis reaction take place?

Answer 15

Gut during digestion, muscle and liver

Question 16

Fill in the blank. The sugars created in photosynthesis is converted into _____ in plants

Answer 16

Starch

Question 17

Give two reasons which explain why starch is a good for storage molecule

Answer 17

1. Insoluble so doesn’t affect the water potential

2. Compact but can be broken down rapidly to release glucose when needed

Question 18

What is starch made of ?

Answer 18

Long chains of alpha glucose

Question 19

What 2 compounds is starch made of ?

Answer 19

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 20

What is amylose ?

Answer 20

Unbranched polymer. As the length increases, it spirals and makes it more compact for storage

Question 21

What is amylopectin ?

Answer 21

Branches polymer of glucose molecules. The branching chain have many terminating glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly

Question 22

In amylose where is glycosidic bond formed ?

Answer 22

1-4 carbons

Question 23

In amylopectin where are glycosidic bonds created ?

Answer 23

1-4 and 1-6 carbons

Question 24

Why is eating food that contains starch good for when doing sport?

Answer 24

Amylose release energy slowly over a long period and amylopectin releases energy rapidly

Question 25

Where is glycogen found in ?

Answer 25

Animals and fungi

Question 26

What is glycogen made up of ?

Answer 26

Many alpha glucose

Question 27

True of false. Glycogen has 1-4 as well as 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Answer 27

True. Which is why it is branches and can give energy off rapidly

Question 28

Where is glycogen found ?

Answer 28

Places where it requires high rate of respiration like muscle and liver tissue

Question 29

True or false. Starch is the main energy source in plants

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What percentage of starch does a plant cell contains

Answer 30

70-80 amylopectin and rest of amylose

Question 31

Give the job of cell wall

Answer 31

Gives plants strength and support

Question 32

What is cell wall made up of ?

Answer 32

Insoluble cellulose

Question 33

Describe the structure of cellulose

Answer 33

Long chain of beta glucose joined by glycosidic bonds 1-4

Question 34

True or false. In cellulose one beta glucose has to be inverted for the 1-4 bonds to take place

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Why does one beta glucose needs to be inverted for 1-4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose ?

Answer 35

So that hydroxyl (-OH) groups stick out on both sides of the molecule so hydrogen bonds can form between the partially positively charged hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups and the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms in the other areas of the glucose molecules

Question 36

Does cross linking take place in cellulose ?

Answer 36

Yes it’s the hydrogen bond that acts as the cross link

Question 37

What makes cellulose strong?

Answer 37

Hydrogen bonds

Question 38

Does cellulose spiral or coil ?

Answer 38

No they remain very long and straight

Question 39

True or false. Starch molecules with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose form compact globular molecules that are useful for storage?

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Fill in the blank. The difference in structure between starch and cellulose gives them very different _________ and _________

Answer 40

Properties. Functions

Question 41

Why can’t most animals digest cellulose ?

Answer 41

Because it cannot digest 1-4 glycosidic bonds between beta glucose

Question 42

Fill in the blanks. Ruminants such as sheep and cows have ________, _____ and_______ living in their gut which produce cellulose _________ enzymes

Answer 42

Bacterial, fungi, Protozoa and digesting