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PSYC1002 > Chapter 12: Theory, Research, and Assessment > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Theory, Research, and Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

An individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits

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2
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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3
Q

Define factor analysis

A

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

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4
Q

What are the “big five”?

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Openness to experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
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5
Q

Define extraversion

A

Characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious

They have a more positive outlook on life

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6
Q

Define neuroticism

A

Characterized as anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable

Tend to be more impulsive and emotionally instable

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7
Q

Define openness to experience

A

Characterized with curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, intellectual pursuits, interest in new ideas, and unconventional attitudes

Tend to be tolerant of ambiguity

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8
Q

Define agreeableness

A

Characterized as sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward

Correlated with empathy and helping behaviour

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9
Q

Define conscientiousness

A

Characterized as diligent, well-organized, punctual, and dependable

Tend to have strong self-discipline and the ability to regulate oneself effectively

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10
Q

What are psychodynamic theories?

A

All diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces

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11
Q

Define id

A

The primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according the the pleasure principle

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12
Q

What is the pleasure principle?

A

Demands immediate gratification of it’s urges

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13
Q

Define ego

A

The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

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14
Q

What is the reality principle?

A

Seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

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15
Q

Define superego

A

The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what is right and wrong

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16
Q

Explain conscious

A

Consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

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17
Q

Explain preconscious

A

Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

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18
Q

Explain unconscious

A

Contains thought, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour

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19
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

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20
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

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21
Q

List all different defense mechanisms

A
  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Displacement
  • Reaction formation
  • Regression
  • Identification
  • Sublimation
22
Q

Define repression

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

23
Q

Define projection

A

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

24
Q

Define displacement

A

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

25
Q

Define reaction formation

A

Behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

26
Q

Define regression

A

Reversion to immature patterns of behaviour

27
Q

Define identification

A

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

28
Q

Define sublimation

A

Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviours

29
Q

What are psychosexual stages?

A

Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality

30
Q

What is fixation?

A

Failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected

31
Q

What are Freuds stages of psychosexual development?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
32
Q

Explain the oedipal complex (phallic stage)

A

Children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility towards their same-sex parent

33
Q

Who proposed analytical psychology? and define it

A

Carl Jung

Consists of the personal unconscious, similar to Freud’s theory and the collective conscious, latent memories inherited from ancestorial past

34
Q

Who propose individual psychology? and define it

A

Alfred Adler

The foremost source of human motivation is the striving for superiority

35
Q

What is compensation?

A

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities

36
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

37
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviour all influence one another

38
Q

What is observational learning?

A

When an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of other’s who are called models

39
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

One’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes

40
Q

What is humanism?

A

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

41
Q

What is the phenomenological approach?

A

One has to appreciate individuals personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behaviour

42
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour

43
Q

What is the dunning-kruger effect?

A

A cognitive bias in which individuals who possess low or no expertise or knowledge in a specific situation are unaware of those deficits

44
Q

What is incongruence?

A

The degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience

45
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

The self’s ability to alter it’s actions and behaviours

46
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

47
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

The need to fulfill one’s potential; it is the highest need in maslow’s hierarchy

48
Q

What are self-actualizing persons?

A

People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth

49
Q

What is narcissism?

A

A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit other

50
Q

Define the dark triad

A

Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism

PSYC1002 (2 decks)

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