Chapter 12 - The Reproductive System Flashcards
theriogenology
Used to describe animal reproduction or the study of producing beasts.
their/o
Combining form for beast.
gen/o
Combining form for producing.
-logy
Suffix meaning to study.
genitals
The reproductive organs, either male or female.
genitalia
The reproductive organs, either male or female. Include external and internal organs.
genit/o
Refers to the organs of reproduction.
scrotum
The external pouch that encloses and supports the testes.
- Latin term for bag.
- Encloses the testes outside the body so that the testes are at a temperature lower than body temperature.
- Lower temp needed for sperm development.
scrotal sac
The external pouch that encloses and supports the testes. Another word for scrotum.
scrot/o
scrotum
perineum
The area between the anus and the scrotum in males, and the vaginal orifice in females.
perine/o
Combining form for the area between the scrotum (or vaginal orifice in females) and the anus in males.
testes
The male sex glands that produce spermatozoa. Plural.
testis
The male sex glands that produce spermatozoa. Single gland.
testicles
The male sex glands that produce spermatozoa.
gonads
sex glands
Combining forms for testes.
orch/o orchi/o orchid/o test/o testicul/o
seminiferous tubules
- The coiled tubes that are in the testicles.
- Channels in the testes in which sperm are produced and through which the sperm leave the testes.
interstitial cells
The cells between the spaces.
Leydig’s cells
The interstitial cells of the testes.
-have endocrine function.
Sertoli cells
Specialized cells in the testes that support and nourish sperm growth.
Sperm
The male gametes, or sex cells.
-Spermatozoa
Spermatozoa
The male gametes, or sex cells.
-Sperm
Spermatozoon
One, single gamete.
Combining forms for spermatozoa.
sperm/o
spermat/o
acrosome (part of sperm)
A structure at the top of the head of sperm. Contains enzymes that allow the spermatozoon to penetrate the ovum.
midpiece (part of sperm)
Contains mitochondria to provide energy to the sperm.
Head (part of sperm)
Contains the nucleus.
Tail (part of sperm)
A flagellum that provides movement for the spermatozoon to reach the ovum.
Spermatogenesis
Production of male gametes.
gamete
Sex cells.
- sperm in males.
- ovum in females.
epididymis
what does it do
The tube at the upper part of each testis that:
- secretes part of the semen.
- stores semen before ejaculation
- provides a passageway for sperm.
epididymis
parts
- Head (caput)
- Body
- Tail
epididymis
passageway
- Runs down the length of the testicle.
- Turns upward.
- Becomes a narrower tube called the ductus deferens.
epididymis
sperm
- sperm are collected in the epididymis.
- this is where they become motile or capable of spontaneous motion.
epididym/o
Combining form for epididymis.
ductus deferens
A tube connected to the epididymis that carries sperm into the pelvic region toward the urethra.
- encased by the spermatic cord.
- the excretory duct of the testes.
- in swine, has a glandular portion called the ampulla.
spermatic cord
Encases the:
- ductus deferens
- nerves
- blood and lymph vessels
- cremaster muscle
ampulla
An enlarged part of a tube or canal.
seminal vesicles / vesicular glands
what/where
Two glands that open into the ductus deferens where it joins the urethra.
seminal vesicles / vesicular glands
function
Secrete a thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm and adds volume to the ejaculated semen.
semen
The ejaculatory fluid that contains sperm and the secretions of the accessory sex glands.
semin/i
Combining form for semen.
ejaculatory duct
- Formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicles.
- Passes through the prostate and enters the urethra.
prostate gland
- A single gland that surrounds or is near the urethra and may be well defined or diffuse depending on the species.
- Secretes a thick fluid that aids in the motility of sperm.
prostat/o
Combining form for prostate gland.
bulbourethral glands
- Two glands located on either side of the urethra.
- Secrete a thick mucus that acts as a lubricant for sperm.
- Called Cowper’s glands in humans.
prostate gland
in which species
- dog
- cat
- pig
- ruminants
- horse
vesicular gland
in which species
- pig
- ruminants
seminal vesicles
in which species
-horse
bulbourethral
in which species
- cat
- pig
- ruminants
- horse
urethra
- A tube passing through the penis to the outside of the body.
- Serves both reproductive and urinary systems.
urethr/o
Combing form for urethra.
penis
Male sex organ that carries reproductive and urinary products out of the body.
-all species except cats have a cranioventrally directed penis.
glans penis
The distal part of the penis on which the urethra opens.
prepuce
The retractable fold of skin covering the glans penis.
-aka foreskin
os penis
In dogs, a bone encased in the penile tissue.
pen/i
Combing form for penis.
priap/o
Combing form for penis.
sigmoid flexure
- An s-shpaed bend in the penis.
- When present, erection is achieved by straightening.
- Not present in all species. Ruminants and Swine DO have this.
ovaries
- A small pair of organs located in the caudal abdomen.
- The female gonad.
- Produces estrogen, progesterone, and eggs.
- Contain many small sacks - graafian follicles.
Ova
- Eggs
- Develop in the ovaries and are expelled (ovulated) when the egg matures.
graafian follicles
- Each one contains an ovum
- Located in the ovaries.
female gonad
combining forms
ovari/o
oophor/o
egg
combining forms
oo/o
ov/i
ov/o
oocyte
An egg cell.
uterine tubes
Paired tubes that extend from the cranial portion of the uterus to the ovary.
-NOT attached to the ovary.
uterine tubes
alternate names
oviducts
fallopian tubes
salping/o
- Combing form for uterine.
- Means tube.
infundibulum
A funnel-shaped opening at the distal end of each uterine tube.
fimbriae
- Fringed extensions of the infundibulum.
- Catch each ova when they leave the ovary.
- NOT attached to the ovaries.
fertilization
- Egg and sperm union.
- Usually occurs in the uterine tube.
uterus
-Thick walled, hollow organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining that houses the developing embryo in pregnant females.
uterus
combing forms
hyster/o
metr/o
metri/o
uter/o
uterus
the three parts
- Cornus
- Corpus
- Cervix
cornus
Horn. The cranial end of the uterus has two horns that travel toward the oviducts.
- cornu means horn.
- some animals are bicornuate
bicornuate
Having two large, well-defined uterine horns.
corpus
Body. The middles portion os the uterus.
-corpu means body.
cervix
Neck. The caudal portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina.
-cervic/o means neck.
uterus
three major tissue types
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
perimetrium
Membranous outer layer of the uterus.
peri-
Prefix for surrounding.
myometrium
Muscular middle layer of the uterus.
my/o
Combining form for muscle.
endometrium
Inner layer of the uterus.
endo-
Prefix meaning within.
cervix
The caudal continuation of the uterus and marks the cranial extent of the vagina.
cervix
main function
Prevent foreign substances from entering the uterus.
cervix
open vs closed
- Is usually closed tightly except during estrus when it relaxes to allow entry of sperm.
- During pregnancy is closed with a mucous plug.
cervic/o
Combining form of uterus.
-means neck or neck-like structure.
sphincters
Ringlike smooth muscle.
vagina
The muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body.
vagina
functions
- Accepts the penis during copulation.
- Serves as a passage for semen into the body.
- Serves as a passage for excretions and offspring out of the body.
vagina
combining forms
colp/o
vagin/o
hymen
A membranous fold of tissue that may partially or completely cover the external vaginal orifice.
orifice
An entrance our outlet from a body cavity.
vulva
The external opening to the urogenital tract.
- Female external genitalia.
- also pudendum
pudendum
The external opening to the urogenital tract.
- Female external genitalia.
- also vulva
vulva
consists of
- vaginal orifice
- vestibular glands
- clitoris
- hymen
- urethral orifice
vulva
combining forms
vulv/o
episi/o
labia
Fleshy borders or edges of the vulva.
- occasionally called the lips.
- in animals, the vulva contains simple lips.
vaginal orifice
The entrance from the vagina to the outside of the body.
vestibular glands
Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.
- found in bovine, feline, and occasionally ovine species.
- also know as Bartholin’s glands in primates.
clitoris
The sensitive erectile tissue of females located in the ventral portion of the vulva.
-is the analog of the glans penis of the male.
urethral orifice
Found where the vagina and vulva join.
-sometimes associated with a vestigial hymen.
mammary glands
Milk-producing glands in females.
-number varies with species.
mammary glands
number for species
2 glands
- mare
- ewe
- doe (goat)
4 glands
-cows
6 or more pair
-sows
4 or more pair
-bitches and queens
mammary glands
in litter-bearing species
- Glandular structures are usually paired.
- Located on the ventral surface.
- Each singular gland (mamma) is associated with one nipple
- Also called mammae
udder
The mammary gland of large animals.
- located in the inguinal area.
- has two or four functional teats.
teat
The nipple area in large animals.
quarters
The four mammae.
