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Systems Path I Final > Chapter 12: The Lungs (Part 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Lungs (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal amount of breaths we take per minute?

A

12-20 breaths

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2
Q

If we take in less than 12 breaths per minute, this condition is known as?

A

bradypnea

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3
Q

If we take in more than 20 breaths per minute, this condition is known as?

A

tachypnea

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4
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung? left lung?

A 
Right= 3
Left= 2
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5
Q

What two respiratory structures are found in the acinus?

A

alveolar duct and alveoli

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6
Q

Respiratory pathologies involve what three structures?

A

Airways, Vasculature, Interstitium

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7
Q

Which type of pneumocyte makes up 95% of the surface of the lungs ?

A

Type I Pneumocyte

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8
Q

What is the role of type II pneumocytes?

A

surfactant and repair

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9
Q

What is the medical term for a collapsed lung?

A

Atelectasis

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10
Q

What causes atelectasis?

A

collapse of multiple alveoli which causes a decrease in lung volume.

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11
Q

Atelectasis is involved with deoxygenated blood which can create ____ ______.

A

tissue hypoxia

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12
Q

What are the three types of atelectasis?

A

Resorption, Compression, Contraction

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13
Q

Resorption Atelectasis is caused by:

a) Airway obstruction
b) Mechanically collapsed Lung
c) scarring of the lungs

A

a) airway obstruction

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14
Q

What are the two main causes of resorption atelectasis (airway obstruction)?

A

Mucopurulent plug
or
Tumor, foreing body, surgical fibrosis

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15
Q

What are some examples of mucopurulent plugs that can lead to resorption atelectasis

A

asthma, CF, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis

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16
Q

How is area of collapse determined in resorption atelectasis?

A

location of obstruction ( can either be single lobe or entire lung)

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17
Q

Compression Atelectasis is caused by:

a) Airway obstruction
b) Mechanically collapsed Lung
c) scarring of the lungs

A

b) mechanically collapse lung

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18
Q

What leads to the mechanically collapsed lung in compression atelectasis?

A

something filling the pleural cavity; either blood, tumor or air

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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20
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

fluid around the lungs

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21
Q

Besides CHF, what else can cause pleural effusion?

A

edmea and blood

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22
Q

Name the condition: Air enters the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

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23
Q

Contraction Atelectasis is caused by:

a) Airway obstruction
b) Mechanically collapsed Lung
c) scarring of the lung

A

c) scarring of the lungs

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24
Q

What two types of scarring can cause contraction atelectasis?

A

1) Interstitial fibrosis

2) Pleural Fibrosis

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25
Q

What is the mechanism by which contraction atelectasis occurs?

A

Scarring causes decreased expansion of lungs, which limits alveolar opening which causes collapse

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26
Q

Which type of Atelectasis has the most limited recovery:

1) Compression Atelectasis
2) Contraction Atelectasis
3) Resorption Atelectasis

A

2) Contraction Atelectasis

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27
Q

Which vascular damage is associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

Diffuse Alveolar Damage (D.A.D.)

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28
Q

Which type of epithelial damage is associated with acute respiratory distress Syndrome?

A

hyaline membrane is pink

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29
Q

What causes hypoxia to occur when you have Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

Trauma prevents gas exchange which causes hypoxemia which leads to hypoxia.

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30
Q

Which tissues are most likely to be impacted by hypoxia?

A

CNS, heart, kidneys

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31
Q

What is the prognosis for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

rapid onset, life-threatening; if they survive, prolonged recovery (6-12 months)

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32
Q

What respiratory sign is characteristic of obstructive lung diseases?

A

wheezing (aka airflow resistance)

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33
Q

What are the four main obstructive lung diseases studied in class?

A

Emphysema, chornic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and asthma

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34
Q

What two obstructive lung diseases make up COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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35
Q

A decrease in lung expansion will lead to what lung disease?

A

Restrictive Diseases

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36
Q

What are the two types of restrictive lung diseases mentioned in class?

A

1) Interstitial lung diseases (fibrosis)

2) Chest Wall Disorders

37
Q

What obstructive lung disease is associated with the destruction of the alveolar septa?

A

Emphysema

38
Q

What happens to the acini in emphysema?

A

they enlarge

39
Q

What causes dyspnea in patients with emphysema?

A

There is decreased surface area= decreased gas exchange= dyspnea

40
Q

Can the acini heal in patients with emphysema?

A

no

41
Q

What are the two major causes of inflammation in emphysema?

A

1) Increase in proteases and decrease in anti-proteases

2) Increase in ROS

42
Q

How is emphysema diagnosed?

A

Based on the destructive morphology of the alveolar septa

43
Q

What causes the damage of the alveolar septa in emphysema patients?

A

Incoming WBC’s (neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes)

44
Q

What is a major risk for emphysema?

A

Smoking

45
Q

Why is smoking a major risk for emphysema?

A

Smoke increases ROS and causes a oxidant-antioxidant imbalance

46
Q

Long- term emphysema can lead to:

A

progressive dyspnea, wheezing, and coughing; forced expiration, hyperventilation, and weight loss

47
Q

What is the name of the appearance given to patiens with long-term emphysema?

A

Pink Puffer

48
Q

What are the two types of Emphysema?

A

Centriacinar and Panacinar

49
Q

Which type of Emphysema is most common: Centriacinar or Panacinar?

A

Centriacinar

50
Q

Which type of Emphysema destroys the central acinus?

A

Centriacinar

51
Q

What is the most common location of centriacinar emphysema?

A

Apices of lungs

52
Q

What is a major risk factor of centriacinar emphysema?

A

smoking

53
Q

What type of emphysema has the acinus uniformly destroyed?

A

Panacinar

54
Q

What is the most common location of panacinar emphysema?

A

lower lung fields

55
Q

Patients with Panacinar emphysema are deficient in what enzyme?

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

56
Q

What affect does smoking have on panacinar emphysema?

A

accelerates destruction

57
Q

Hypersecretion of mucus is seen in what respiratory condition?

A

Chronic bronchitis

58
Q

What causes the hypersecretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis?

A

increased sputum production due to the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucous glands

59
Q

What are the risk factors for chronic bronchitis?

A

smoking, air pollutants, Males aged 40-65

60
Q

What conditions must be met to be diagnosed with Chronic bronchitis?

A

persistent productive cough lasting more than 3 consecutive months in more than 2 consecutive years

61
Q

What signs and symptoms are present in patients with Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Dyspnea, wheezing, cyanosis, weight gain; possible cor pulmonale

62
Q

What is the name of the appearance given to Chronic bronchitis patients?

A

blue bloater

63
Q

Are recurrent infections common in chronic bronchitis cases?

A

yes

64
Q

IF chronic bronchitis coincides with emphysema, this condition is known as:

A 
Chronic 
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
COPD
65
Q

What is unique about the airflow obstruction in COPD?

A

Irreversible Airflow

66
Q

What can happen as a result of irreversible airflow obstruction?

A

prominent wheezing

possible pulmonary HTN

67
Q

What is asthma?

A

bronchoconstriction which leads to obstruction of the airway

68
Q

What are the various stimuli for asthma?

A

smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperreactivity

Inflammation and increased mucous

69
Q

Does asthma have reversible or irreversible airway obstruction?

A

reversible

70
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

A

wheezing, dyspnea, cough, or chest tightness; difficulty inhaling or exhaling

71
Q

What time is asthma most pronounced?

A

morning and evenings

72
Q

What histological features are characteristic of asthma?

A

Curschmann spirals and charcot-leyden crystals

73
Q

Which type of asthma is a type I hypersensitivity and caused by allergens?

A

Atopic Asthma

74
Q

Which type of asthma is bronchial hyper-responsiveness and causes by various (non-allergic) exposures?

A

Non-Atopic Asthma

75
Q

What is the most common form of asthma cases?

A

Atopic Asthma (70%)

76
Q

Which type of asthma has a childhood onset with family history and happens with exposure to environmental antigens?

A

Atopic Asthma

77
Q

What are examples of Atopy?

A

eczema/urticaria, allergic rhinitis

78
Q

How common is non-atopic asthma?

A

Less common, only 30%

79
Q

Which type of asthma is characterized by bronchial inflammation and hyper-responsiveness, idiopathic and has no allergen or family history?

A

Non-Atopic Asthma

80
Q

What are the various stimuli for non-atopic asthma?

A

Viral URTI, pneumonia, exercise, cold air, aspirin, inhaled irritants, psychological stress

81
Q

What is chronic asthma?

A

prolonged severe wheezing/dyspnea

82
Q

What causes bronchial narrowing in chronic asthma?

A

1) hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscles
2) Fibrosis
3) Increased submucosal glands (mucous plugs)
4) Increased submucosal vascularity

83
Q

What happens to the acini in chronic bronchitis?

A

It becomes hyperinflated

84
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

asthma that does not respond to bronchodilators or steriods

85
Q

Is status asthmaticus lethal?

A

Yes, can cause hypoxemia

86
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

permanent dilation of bronchi due to the destruction of connective tissue and musculature

87
Q

What diseases can cause obstruction leading to necrotizing infection in bronchiectasis?

A

Lung Ca, TB, chronic bronchitis, foreign bodies
or
Mucus: asthma, CF

88
Q

Where is bronchiectasis located in the lungs?

A

lower lob, could be localized or bilateral

89
Q

Patients with bronchiectasis can have episodes of severe coughing that can produce what ?

A

hemoptysis

purulent foul-smelling sputum

Systems Path I Final (4 decks)

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