Chapter 12: The Eukaryotes, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Helminths Flashcards
The study of fungi
Mycology
-Molds and fleshy fungi
-The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
Vegetative growth
Unicellular fungi
Yeasts
Filaments which make up the thallus
Hyphae
The body of a mold of fungus
Thallus
The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae
Mycelium
Reproductive structure
Spores
-Sac fungi
-Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
Ascomycota
(*A.D.A.M.) Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus (Aspergillus ). The fungus is commonly found growing on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or in other decaying vegetation. It can also be found on marijuana leaves.
Aspergillosis
Symptoms:
Cough
Coughing up blood or brownish mucus plugs
Wheezing
Fever
General ill feeling (malaise)
Weight loss
Aspergillosis
-Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses)
-Candida albicans (cutaneous mycoses)
Anamorphs
-Causative agent: Coccidioides immitis
-Reservoir: desert soils of American Southwest
-Symptoms: fever, coughing, weight loss
-Diagnosis: serological tests
-Treatment: amphotericin B
Coccidioidomycosis
-Causative agent: Pneumocystis jirovecii
-Reservoir: unknown; possibly humans or soil
-Symptoms: pneumonia
-Diagnosis: microscopy
-Treatment: trimethoprim
Pneumocystis pneumonia
*Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), is the most common opportunistic infection in persons with HIV infection.
Pnemocystis pneumonia
-May cause yeast infections of the skin, mouth, vagina, GI tract
-Diabetics and patients with HIV/AIDS at significant risk
Candida albicans
Club fungi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Basidiomycota
(*CDC)Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that lives in the environment
-People can become infected with C. neoformans after breathing in the microscopic fungus
-Most cases occur in people who have weakened immune systems, particularly those who have advanced HIV/AIDS.
-Signs & Symptoms: Abnormal breath sounds, fast heart rate, fever, mental status changes, stiff neck
Cryptococcus neoformans
The name of a group of diseases caused by a fungus
-include ringworm, athlete’s foot and jock itch
Tinea
deep within body
Systemic mycoses
beneath the skin
Subcutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin and nails
Cutaneous mycoses
localized, e.g., hair shafts
Superficial mycoses
caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi
Opportunistic mycoses
-Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus
-Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast
Lichens
Brown algae (kelp)
Phaephyta
Red Algae
Harvested for agar
Rhodphyta
Green algae
Gave rise to plants
Chlorophyta
-silica cell walls
*Plankton
*Diatomaceous earth used as filtering agent
*Silica used as polishing compound
Diatoms
Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
*Redtide
Dinoflagellates
Giardia lamblia
Diplomonads
A microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals.
Giardia
A microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals.
Giardia
-Protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection.
-Water (drinking water and recreational water) is the most common mode of transmission.
Giardia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Parabasalids
-A very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called _____ _____. 70% have no S&S
-Men may feel itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or some discharge from the penis.
-Women may notice itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish.
Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma spp.
Sleeping sickness
Chagas’ disease
Euglenozoa
Move by pseudopods
Entamoeba
Amebae
-Entamoeba histolytica invades the colon wall, causing colitis, acute dysentery, or long-term (chronic) diarrhea.
-The infection can also spread through the blood to the liver.In rare cases, it can spreadto the lungs, brain, or other organs.
Amebiasis
-Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
-If a pregnant woman accidentally ingests oocysts (contacted when changing a cat litter box), prenatal infection of the fetus may occur.
*Can cause schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Toxoplasmosis
-Pin worms
-Although pinworm infection can affect all people, it most commonly occurs among children, institutionalized persons, and household members of persons with pinworm infection.
-Pinworm infection is treatable with over-the-counter or prescription medication, but reinfection, which occurs easily, should be prevented.
Enterobius vermicularis
-A disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the microscopic parasite.
-Signs and Symptoms:
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Muscle pain, fever, swelling of the face, particularly the eyes,weakness or fatigue
Trichinella spiralis
-May transmit diseases (vectors)
-Kingdom: Animalia
-Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Anthropods as Vectors