Chapter 11: Prokaryotes Bacteria Flashcards
gram NEGATIVE
-Human pathogens
-Bartonella
-B. henselae: cat-scratch disease
Alphaproteobacteria
Bartonella Henselae
gram negative bacillus
Obligate intracellular parasites
Alphaproteobacteria
-Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
-R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia (alphaproteobacteria)
-R. rickettsii
-Gram-negative rods
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-Spread by wood ticks in the west and dog ticks in the east
-Signs & symptoms: rash, fever, & headache
-Death may result due to kidney & heart failure
-Treatment: antibiotics
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-Gram negative coccus
-STD
-Causes gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Symptoms
-Men: painful urination and discharge of pus
-Women: few symptoms but possible complications, such as PID
-Diagnosis: Gram stain, ELISA, PCR
-Treatment: cephalosporins
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-Bordetella pertussis
-Gram-negative coccobacillus
Whooping cough
-Capsule
-Tracheal cytotoxin of cell wall damages ciliated cells
-Pertussis toxin
-Prevented by DTaP vaccine (acellular Pertussis cell fragments)
Whooping cough
-Pseudomonas
-Opportunistic pathogens
-Gram negative rods
-flagella
Psuedomonadales (gammaproteobacteria)
-gram NEGATIVE
-P. aeruginosa causes infections of urinary tract, burns, wounds, blood infections, abscesses, and meningitis
Psuedomonadales (gammaproteobacteria)
-Vibrio cholerae causes cholera
-Gram negative comma-shaped bacterium
Vibrionales (gammaproteobacteria)
-gram NEGATIVE
-Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin
-Toxin causes host cells to secrete Cl−, HCO−, and water
Cholera
-Enterobacteriales
-Escherichia
-Salmonella
Gammoproteobacteria
-Gram-negative rods
-Hemorrhagic diarrhea
-Kidney failure
Escherichia Coli
-Gram-negative rods
-Salmonellosis
-Caused by contaminated food or drink
-Signs and Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Salmonella
*H. influenzae
-Gram negative coccobacillary bacteria
Haemophilus (gammaproteobacteria)
-gram-negative bacteria
-Tularemia – *named after Tulare County, CA
-Can infect humans and rabbits
-Vectors are ticks and deerflies
*Signs and symptoms: fever, fatigue, headache, swollen lymph nodes
Francisella (gammaproteobacteria)
Gram-negative curved rods with multiple flagella
Helicobacter pylori
*Erosions in and through the mucosa of the stomach and/or duodenum
*Epigastic pain at night relieved by eating
*May result in life-threatening hemorrhage
Peptic ulcers (helicobacter pylori)
gram POSITIVE
-Endospore-producing
-Obligate anaerobes
-C. dificile – severe diarrhea post antibiotic use
-C. tetani – tetanus
-C. botulinum - botulism
Clostridum
-Caused by Clostridium tetani
-Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Tetanus
gram POSITIVE
-Tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation -pathway in muscles
-Prevention by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTaP) and booster (Td)
-Treatment with tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
Tetanus
-Caused by Clostridium botulinum
-Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Botulism
-Intoxication comes from ingesting botulinal toxin
-Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis
-Prevention
Proper canning
Nitrites prevent endospore germination in sausages
Botulism
-Treatment: supportive care and antitoxin
-Infant botulism results from C. botulinum growing in intestines
-Wound botulism results from growth of
C. botulinum in wounds
Botulism
gram POSITIVE
-Bacillus
-Endospore-producing rods
-Bacillus anthracis – causes anthrax a disease of cattle, sheep, and horses that can be transmitted to humans
Bacillales
-Gram-positive cocci
-Grape-like clusters
Staphylococcus aureus
gram POSITIVE
-Produces many toxins
-Toxic shock syndrome – high fever, vomiting, death
-Enterotoxin causes vomiting and diarrhea associated with food poisoning
-Infections of surgical wounds by S. aureus common in hospitals
Staphylococcus aureus
-Generally aerotolerant anaerobes; lack an
electron transport chain
-Streptococcus (gram positive)
Lactobacillales
-Gram-positive chains of cocci
-Grown on blood agar
-Produce hemolysin that forms a clear zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Beta-hemolytic streptococci
-Diseases
Pharyngitis
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis
Impetigo
Scarlet fever
Beta-hemolytic group A
Its cell wall has characteristics of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Acid-fast rod; transmitted human-to-human
-M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
-Co-infection with HIV
-Diagnosis: Tuberculin skin test
-Treatment: prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics
-Vaccines: BCG vaccine, live culture of avirulent M. bovis; not widely used in United States
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Signs and symptoms of active TB include:
-Coughing that lasts three or more weeks
-Coughing up blood
-Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing
-Unintentional weight loss
-Fatigue
-Fever
-Night sweats
-Chills
-Loss of appetite
Tuberculosis
-Corynebacterium diphtheriae: gram-positive rod
-Diphtheria toxin produced by lysogenized
C. diphtheriae
Corynebacterium
-Prevented by DTaP vaccine
-Diphtheria toxoid
-Cutaneous diphtheria
-Infected skin wound leads to slow-healing ulcer
Corynebacterium
-Chlamydia trachomatis
-Gram-negative coccoid bacteria
-Trachoma
-Most common STI, urethritis
*Signs and symptoms similar to gonorrhea
Chlamydias
-Syphilis
-Caused by Treponema pallidum
*considered gram-negative but hard to stain
Spirochaetes
chancre at site of infection
Primary stage (Spirochaetes)
skin and mucosal rashes
Secondary stage (Spirochaetes)
no symptoms
Latent period (Spirochaetes)
gummas on many organs
Tertiary stage (Spirochaetes)
benzathine penicillin
Treatment (Spirochaetes)
neurological damage
Congenital (Spirochaetes)
Direct diagnosis
-Staining with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies
Indirect, rapid screening
-VDRL – *Veneral Disease Research Laboratory Test
*Antibody produced by a patient with syphilis reacts with an
extract of ox heart
-RPR - Rapid Plasma Reagin; similar to VDRL
-EIA -Enzyme ImmunoAssay (ELISA)
Confirming
-FTA-ABS tests for anti-treponemal antibodies
Spirochaetes
-gram NEGATIVE
-Lyme Disease
-Causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochaetes
-Reservoir: deer
-Vector: ticks
-First symptom: bull’s-eye rash
-Second phase: irregular heartbeat, encephalitis
-Third phase: arthritis
-Treatment: Doxycycline
Spirochaetes
