Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle

Question 1

how do cells replicate

Answer 1

1. copy chromosome, separate copies, divide the cytoplasm to generate daughter cells that have the same chromosomal complement to the parent cell

Question 2

how do eukaryotic cells divide

Answer 2

the cells cycle through interphase and M phase

Question 3

what happens during interphase

Answer 3

S (synthesis) Phase: chromosomes replicate

G1 and G2 Phases: cells grow and prepare for division

Question 4

what happens during M phase

Answer 4

mitosis or meiosis, when chromosome separate, and the parent cell divides

Question 5

Prophase

Answer 5

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus begins to form, polar microtubule over lap each other

Question 6

Prometaphase

Answer 6

nuclear envelope my dissolve, microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes, which begin moving to the beginning of the spindle

Question 7

Metaphase

Answer 7

All the chromosomes are positioned in the middle of the spindle, the spindle is anchored to the plasma membrane by astral microtubules

Question 8

Anaphase

Answer 8

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the disassembly of the kinetochore micro tubules at the kinetochore. The separated chromatids are now daughter chromatids. the spindle poles disintegrate at the positive end to further separate the replicated chromosomes

Question 9

Telophase

Answer 9

daughter chromosomes are fully separated and are clustered at opposite poles of the spindle. A nuclear envelope forms around each set and the chromosome decondense

Question 10

cancer

Answer 10

general term for a disease resulting from cells dividing in an uncontrolled fashion

Question 11

cleavage furrow

Answer 11

where cytokinesis begins in eukaryotic cells

Question 12

binary fission

Answer 12

how bacterial cells divide

Question 13

M phase promoting factor

Answer 13

MPF induces M phase in all eukaryotes, made up of kinase and cyclins

Question 14

kinase

Answer 14

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate groups, the cyclin dependent kinase is a subunit of the MPF

Question 15

cyclins

Answer 15

family of proteins whose concentrations fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. cyclin concentrations build during interphase and peak during M phase

Question 16

G1 checkpoints

Answer 16

pass if: 
cell size is adequate
nutrients are sufficient
social signals are present
DNA is undamaged

Question 17

G2 checkpoint

Answer 17

pass if
chromosomes have replicated successfully
DNA is undamaged
activated MPF is present

Question 18

M Phase checkpoints

Answer 18

Pass if
chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus
chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent

Question 19

negative feedback

Answer 19

when a process is slowed or stopped by one of its products

Question 20

tumor

Answer 20

formed by cells that keep dividing due to issues with cell cycle checkpoints

Question 21

chromosome

Answer 21

a structure containing genetic information in the form of genes

Question 22

chromatin

Answer 22

the material tht makes up the eukaryotic chromosomes, consists of a DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins

Question 23

Chromatid

Answer 23

one double stranded DNA copy of a replicated chromosome with its associated proteins

Question 24

Sister chromatids

Answer 24

the 2 attached, double stranded DNA copies of a replicated chromosome, When chromosomes are replicated, they consist of two replicated chromosomes, the genetic material in the sister is identical, whe they separate during mitosis, they become independent chromosomes

Question 25

Centromere

Answer 25

a specialized region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are most closely joined to each other

Question 26

microtubule organizing center

Answer 26

any structure that organizes microtubules

Question 27

centrosome

Answer 27

the microtubule organizing center in animals and certain type of plants and fungi

Question 28

centrioles

Answer 28

cylindrical structures consisting of microtubule triplets, located inside animal centrosomes

Question 29

spindle apparratus

Answer 29

structure that produces mechanical forces that move replicated chromosomes during early mitosis and pull chromatids apart in late mitosis

Question 30

cell division

Answer 30

the splitting of preexisting cells

Question 31

embryos

Answer 31

newly developing organisms confirmed cell division

Question 32

meiosis

Answer 32

leads to production of sperma nd eggs

Question 33

mitosis

Answer 33

leads to production of ssomatic cells

Question 34

somatic cells

Answer 34

body cells