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BIO 122 > Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do new cells arise?

A

through the division of pre-existing cells

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2
Q

How do bacterial cells divide?

A

By binary fission

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3
Q

Define ​Binary fission

A

asexual reproduction

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4
Q

how many times does cell division occur in bacteria

A

one

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5
Q

How many times does cell division occur in eukaryotes?

A

twice

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6
Q

In Eukaryotes, what are the two types of cell division?

A
  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
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7
Q

Define ​Meiosis

A

results in the production of gametes

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8
Q

define gamates

A

reproductive cells (egg & sperm)

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9
Q

Individual sex cells are considered (diploid/haploid)

A

haploid

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10
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In testes for men

In ovaries for women

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11
Q

Define ​Mitosis

A

results in the production of somatic cells

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12
Q

define somatic cells

A

All other types of cells excluding sex cells

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13
Q

In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically (varied/identical) from(to) the parent cell.

A

identical

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14
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Repair
  3. Asexual reproduction
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15
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

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16
Q

Chromosomes have _____ which encode a specific (DNA/RNA) sequence

A

genes; RNA

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17
Q

True or False

Chromosomes have genes which encode for proteins

A

True

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18
Q

True or False

​Chromosomes have genes which encode for a specific DNA sequence

A

False

Chromosomes encode for a specifc RNA sequence

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19
Q

Around how many genes are in chromosomes?

A

100s-1000s

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20
Q

True or False

The purpose of meiosis is to replicate chromosomes

A

False;

That is the purpose of mitosis

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21
Q

True or False

​The purpose of mitosis is to replicate chromosomes

A

True

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22
Q

Each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome is called a ________

A

chromatid

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23
Q

Define sister chromatid

A

chromatids from the same chromosome

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24
Q

A replicated chromosome consists of two (chromatins/ chromatids /chromosomes)

A

chromatids

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25
Q

True or False

A replicated chromosome with two chromatids is considered two chromosomes.

A

False

It is still considered a single chromosome

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26
Q

True or False

Chromosomes are joined together at a specialized region called the centromere

A

False

Chromatids are joined together at a specialized region called the centromere

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27
Q

True or False

Chromatids are joined together at a specialized region of the chromosome called the centromere

A

True

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28
Q

The material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes:

A

chromatin

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29
Q

consists of a DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins:

A

Chromatin

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30
Q

A structure composed of a DNA molecule and associated proteins:

A

Chromosomes

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31
Q

One strand of a replicated chromosome, with its associated proteins:

A

Chromatid

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32
Q

Two strands of a replicated chromosome:

A

sister chromatids

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33
Q

True or False

When sister chromatids separate during mitosis, they become independent chromosomes

A

True

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34
Q

True or False

When sister chromatids separate during meiosis, they become independent chromosomes

A

False

When sister chromatids separate during mitosis, they become independent chromosomes

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35
Q

The structure that joins sister chromatids:

A

Centromere

36
Q

The structures on sister chromatids where microtubules attach

A

Kinetochores

37
Q

Any structure that organizes microtubules:

A

Microtubule-organizing center

38
Q

The microtubule organizing center in animals and plants:

A

Centrosome

39
Q

Cylindrical structure that comprise microtubule, located inside animal centrosomes

A

Centrioles

40
Q

How many phases does the cell cycle have?

A

Two phases

41
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Mitotic (M) phase
  2. Interphase
42
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is also known as the dividing phase

A

Mitotic (M) phase

43
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is also known as the ​non-dividing phase

A

Interphase

44
Q

define mitotic (M) phase

A

division of replicated chromosomes into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

45
Q

define ​Interphase

A

the period of metabolism, growth, DNA replication, and production of cytoplasm.

46
Q

Name the phases within ​Interphase

A

G1 , S (synthesis) , G2,

47
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

organelles replicate and a cytoplasm is produced

48
Q

What happens in S (synthesis) phase?

A

chromosomes replicate, resulting in genetically identical sister chromatids

49
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

organelles replicate and a cytoplasm is produced

50
Q

True or False?

Cell cycle length can vary greatly among cell types

A

True

51
Q

True or False

The length of the cell cycle is consistent in all cell types

A

False

Cell cycle length varies among cell types

52
Q

In interphase, which phase is responsible for the variation in length of the cell-cycle?

A

G1 ​Phase

53
Q

Rapidly dividing cells have a (shorter/longer) G1 phase

A

shorter

54
Q

What happens to non-dividing cells during Interphase?

A

They are permanently stuck in G1 phase

55
Q

For non-dividing cells, their arrested stage is known as the:

A

G0 state

56
Q

Which phases of the cell cycle have checkpoints and how many do they have?

A

G1 has one checkpoint

G2 has one checkpoint

mitosis has two checkpoints

57
Q

What permits a cell to pass the G1 checkpoint?

A
  • Cell must be an adequate cell size
  • sufficient nutrients
  • undamaged DNA
  • must have its social signals (growth factors)
58
Q

What permits a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?

A
  • Chromosomes must be successfully replicated
  • DNA is undamaged
  • Activated MPF is present
59
Q

What is the key signal to initiate/induce mitosis?

A

Activated mitosis promoting factor (MPF)

60
Q

What permits a cell to pass the M-phase checkpoints?

A
  1. chromosomes have attached to the spindle apparatus
  2. chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is present
61
Q

Where is MPF found?

A

in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

62
Q

MPF is composed of two distinct subunits, what are they?

A
  • Cyclin -dependent kinase (Cdk)
  • Cyclin
63
Q

Define Cdk

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group (from ATP to protein), initiating mitosis

64
Q

Define Cyclin

A

a subunit that functions as a regulatory protein

65
Q

The concentration of MPF cyclin increase during ______ and peaks in _______.

A

interphase; M-phase

66
Q

True or False?

The concentration of MPF Cdk increases during interphase and peaks in M-phase

A

False

The concentration of MPF cyclin increases during interphase

67
Q

When is MPF protein kinase active?

A

only when bound to the cyclin subunit

68
Q

MPF is more active when cyclin concentrations are (low/high)

A

high

69
Q

Cdk catalyzes ____________ of other proteins to start _______

A

phosphorylation; M-phase

70
Q

What event in mitosis does MPF deactivate?

A

Anaphase

71
Q

What happens to MPF during anaphase?

A

an enzyme complex degrades MPF’s cyclin subunit, which prevents further cell division

72
Q

What happens when Cdk binds to cyclin?

A

Cdk becomes phosphorylated at two sites, making Cdk inactive

73
Q

When and how does MPF become activated?

A

Late in the G2 phase, one phosphate group drops off the Cdk unit

74
Q

Once MPF is activated, mitosis is triggered by:

A

the condensation of chromosomes and formation of the mitotic spindle apparatus

75
Q

Name the events in mitosis (In order)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
76
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in ​prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles form

77
Q

How do mitotic spindles form?

A

From a microtubule-organizing center (centrosome)

78
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Alpha & beta tubular dimers

79
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

they push the poles away from each other and pulls the chromosomes towards the poles the during mitosis

80
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in prometaphase?

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleolus disappears

81
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Metaphase​ ?

A
  • Mitotic spindle is completely formed and the motor proteins on the kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome
  • Metaphase plate formed
82
Q

In mitosis, what happens in anaphase?

A

centromeres split, sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell.

83
Q

In mitosis, what happens in Telophase?

A

a new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes

84
Q

In what stage of mitosis does the mitotic spindle disintegrate?

A

Telophase

85
Q

In what stage of mitosis do the chromosomes begin to decondense?

A

Telophase

86
Q

When is mitosis considered complete?

A

when two independent nuclei have formed

87
Q
A

BIO 122 (2 decks)

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