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BIO 122 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of life

A

biology

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2
Q

What are the five fundamental characteristics of life?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Cells
  3. Information
  4. Replication
  5. Evolution
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3
Q

What is a theory?

A

an explanation for a general class of observations that are supported by a wide body of evidence

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4
Q

Two theories that for the framework for modern biological science:

A
  1. The Cell Theory
  2. The theory of evolution by natural selection
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5
Q

Who were the first to observe cells?

A

Robert Hooke and Anton van Leewenhoek

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6
Q

What is a cell?

A

a highly organized compartment bounded by a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution

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7
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

Organisms are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells

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8
Q

What are the implications of cell theory ?

A
  • single and multicellular organisms come from pre-existing cells
  • Descendants by ancestry
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9
Q

What two claims did Darwin and Wallace make regarding the natural world?

A
  • All species are related by common ancestry
  • Descent with modification
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10
Q

Define decent with modification ​

A

characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation

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11
Q

Define ​Evolution

A

a change in the characteristics of a population over time

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12
Q

Define Natural selection

A

the mechanism which describes how evolution occurs

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13
Q

Natural selection occurs in populations of ___________

A

organisms

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14
Q

An organism is more competitive when it is able to do what?

A

reproduce and pass their traits to their offspring

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15
Q

What does natural selection enable?

A

variation in population

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16
Q

Define ​population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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17
Q

What are the guidelines for natural selection to occur?

A
  1. Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable (Must exhibit variation)
  2. Individuals in a population have a competitive edge over others (survival & reproduction)
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18
Q

Why do some traits become more common in a population over time?

A

those traits lead to increased success in producing offspring

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19
Q

Natural selection acts on _____________

A

individuals

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20
Q

Evolutionary change occurs in ________

A

populations

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21
Q

When can the variation of a population occur?

A
  • Natural selection
  • Artificial selection
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22
Q

How does the variation of population occur through ​natural selection?

A

Traits beneficial to the current environment are “selected” for a competitive advantage

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23
Q

How does the variation of population occur through artificial selection

A

desirable traits are identified and selected by humans to produce a population of individuals desired by humans

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24
Q

Define FItness

A

the ability of an individual to produce offspring

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25
Q

In biology, the term ‘fitness’ is also referred to as

A

Darwinian Fitness

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26
Q

What results in the emergence of a new species?

A

when adaptation results in a reproductive barrier

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27
Q

define speciation

A

a divergence process in which natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge to form new species

28
Q

Examples of how speciation occurs:

A
  • Geographic isolation
  • Climate barriers
  • Mutations in proteins making sperm incompatitble with an egg
  • Temperature change
29
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

used to show the evolution of genetically related organisms

30
Q

This occurs when individuals lack the ability to produce

A

speciation

31
Q

Phylogeny is also referred to as:

A

The Tree of Life

32
Q

This man studied rRNA

A

Carl Woese

33
Q

What did Carl Woese study?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

34
Q

This molecule is used to understand evolutionary relationships

35
Q

rRNA is found in (some/all) organisms

36
Q

What makes up ribosomal RNA?

A

ribosomes and rRNA

37
Q

What ribonucleotides is rRNA composed of?

A

A, U, C, and G

38
Q

This molecule is used to understand the Tree of Life:

39
Q

What does the theory of evolution state?

A

The sequence of ribonucleotides in rRNA can change in populations over time

40
Q

rRNA sequences should be (very/less) similar in closely related organisms

41
Q

rRNA sequences should be (very/less)​ similar in less closely related organisms

42
Q

The Tree of Life is also referred to as

A

The Phylogenic Tree of Life

43
Q

A phylogenic tree is used to show the ___________ between _________

A

relationship; species

44
Q

What do the branches that share a recent common ancestor represent in a phylogenetic tree?

A

The species are closely related

45
Q

What do the branches that do not share a recent common ancestor represent in a phylogenetic tree?

A

The species are more distantly related

46
Q

The tree of life indicates three major groups of organisms:

A
  1. The Eukaryotes
  2. Two groups of Prokaryotes
    1. Domain Bacteria
    2. Domain Archaea
47
Q

Organism(s) that has a predominant nucleus

48
Q

Organism(s) that lacks a nucleus

A

Domain bacteria & Domain archaea

49
Q

Organism(s) that lack a nucleus and are single-celled

A

Domain bacteria

50
Q

Organism(s) that lack a nucleus and are single-celled in extreme environments

A

Domain archaea

51
Q

Identify the type of cell shown

A

Eukaryotic Cell

52
Q

Identify the type of cell shown

A

Prokaryotic cell

55
Q

The three domains of living organisms are:

A

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

56
Q

What organism is represented by the green branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

A

Bacteria; 16S

57
Q

What organism is represented by the blue branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

A

Archaea; 16S

58
Q

What organism is represented by the red branch and what size its rRNA (in svedberg)?

A

Eukarya; 18S

59
Q

What molecule is used to classify organisms as Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

60
Q

What is a Svedberg?

A

a unit for sedimentation, rate, or density

64
Q

Define Taxonomy ​

A

The science of naming and classifying organisms

65
Q

What was Carlos Linnaeus known for?

A

establishing the classification system know as Taxonomy.

66
Q

How is Taxonomy organized?

A

organisms are categorized into numerous groups from least specific (Domain) to most specific (Species)

67
Q

The order of Taxonomy is as follows:

A
  • Domain
    • Kingdom
      • Phylum
        • Class
          • Order
            • Family
              • Genus
                • Species
68
Q

In the taxonomic system, each organism is given a unique two-part scientific name that consists of:

A

The genus and the species

69
Q

In taxonomy, what is the genus made up of?

A

a closely related group of species

70
Q

In taxonomy, what is a species made up of?

A

individuals that regularly breed together

OR

individuals whose characteristics are distinct from those of other species

71
Q

An organism’s genus and species designation is called its ________ _______ or _______ ______

A

scientific name or latin name

72
Q

What are the Rules of Nomenclature?

A
  • Scientific names are always italicized
  • Genus names are always capitalized
  • Species names are not capitalized

Example: Homo sapien

BIO 122 (2 decks)

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