Chapter 12 Slideshow Flashcards
How are toddler brains primed for learning?
- Become super dense in synapses.
- High concentration of neurotransmitters.
- Glial cells responsible for myelination are very active.
Define mental imagery
Toddlers impose mental ideas on objects, just like in pretend play.
What does mental imagery lead into?
Abstract thinking and creativity.
How do language and memory continue to develop throughout toddlerhood?
- Refining and extending current knowledge.
- Simplifying the learning of difficult new concepts.
- Storing in memory what has been used.
Substage 5 (12-18 months)
Children’s learning is characterized by working toward a goal, using imitation and
pretense, and having a greater understanding of object permanence
First level of pretense
Solitary symbolic play
Substage 6 (18-24 months)
Toddlers can think to achieve goals, imitate and engage in pretense, and locate hidden
objects
* Toddlers are now able to think ahead
* Think in terms of actions
* Engage in deferred imitation
* Pretend play now involves others, and they’ll pretend to do things they don’t have the ability
to do in real life
* Enter the 2nd stage of pretense: by 2, toddlers can use one set of objects to represent
another sent of objects. This is called collective symbolism
* Understanding of object permanence is complete
Major areas of concept learning for toddlers
distinguishing attributes (properties) of objects
* noting cause and effect
* using spatial relationships
* solving problems
* understanding quantity
* using symbols
How do young toddlers learn physical knowledge concepts?
Cause and effect
How do older toddlers learn physical knowledge concepts?
Repetition and variation
In terms of spatial relationships, what do toddlers accomplish?
They can
crawl under, climb over, or hide
inside objects
How do older toddlers count?
Rote (memory), but many toddlers don’t understand the quantities associated with each number.
What is the most abstract symbol system used by toddlers?
Language.
A person’s ability to pronounce words that can be understood by others.
Articulation.
Common mistakes in articulation
Substituting one sound for another (yeyow instead of yellow)
* Omitting a sound they can’t make (seep instead of sleep)
* May have trouble with the position within a word (may be able to make the “m” sound in
“milk,” but not “hammer” or “broom”
Referential learning
Tend to primarily learn to communicate to learn what to call people, places, and objects
Expressive learning
Using language to create social bonds with others.
Vocabulary learning speed
Grows slowly until around 18-24 months, fastest rate occurs at 30 months.
Sentence progression
12-18 months: one word sentences
* Words may have different meanings depending on the context
* 19 months: start combining 2+ word sentences
* 24-30 months: 3+ word sentences
* Word order at this age is more often correct than not
Learning to talk depends on the following factors..
- Hearing
- Gender
- Autism
- Bilingualism
- Interest
- Need of speech
- Intellectual abilities.
- Stimulating environment
