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PSYC 258 - Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 12: Problem Solving & Creative Shit > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Problem Solving & Creative Shit Flashcards

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1
Q

Problem Solving: Restructuring (Gestalt Mothasluckas)

A
  • The process of changing how a problem is represented in the mind
  • We often represent problems in our mind and figure out the best way to solve them by restructuring
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2
Q

Problem Solving: Insight (Gestalt Mothasluckaz)

A
  • Any sudden realization which comes from reorganizing ones mental representation of a stimulus or problem
  • A confusing definition for an obvious term
  • Important part is the fact that its sudden and comes from restructuring
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3
Q

Problem Solving & Insight: Analytically Based Problems

A
  • Problems which are systematic and use techniques
  • Used by the Gestalts to try and keep people from having insight (aha!) moments
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4
Q

Problem Solving: Fixation

A
  • The tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem
  • Often results in tunnel vision that prevents one from figuring shit out
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5
Q

Problem Solving & Fixation: Functional Fixedness

A
  • Occurs when we focus on the familiar or typical function of an object rather than seeing how it can be used in other ways
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6
Q

Problem Solving & Fixation: The Candle Problem (Ex - Duncker)

A
  • P’s were given a group of objects and asked to perform a task with them
  • When a matchbox had matches in it, p’s were way less likely to use the matchbox in an alternative way and solve the problem
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7
Q

Problem Solving & Fixation: The Two-String Problem (Ex - Maier)

A
  • P’s were asked to tie together two strings hanging from da ceiling
  • Needed to use pliers as a weight for a pendulum, but lots didn’t think of this because pliers are for plying, not for weights
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8
Q

Problem Solving & Fixation: Mental Set

A
  • A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem
  • Often prevents mothasluckaz from trying out new solutionz
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9
Q

Problem Solving & Fixation: The Water Jug Problem

A
  • Had p’s do a water volume task in 2 groups
  • One had a mental set way of approaching the problem, and one didn’t
  • The mental set group mostly kept the same procedure, while the entire new group solved the problems in a simpler way
  • Mental set was shown to impact p’s problem solving abilities
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10
Q

Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

A
  • A research program in cognitive psychology that sees problem solving as a dynamic search rather than a problem and a solution
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11
Q

The Information-Processing Approach: The Tower of Hanoi Problem

A
  • A problem where P’s gotta get 3 rings from one peg to another but there’s rules that make it tough
  • Used as a demonstration of problem solving as a search rather than just a prob and a saloosh
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12
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Initial State

A

Conditions at the beginning of the problem

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13
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Goal State

A

The solution of the problem

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14
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Operators

A
  • Actions that take the problem from one state to another
  • Create the intermediate states of the problem (a search!)
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15
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Intermediate State

A
  • Conditions after each step is made toward solving a problem
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16
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Problem Space

A

All possible states that could occur when solving a problem

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17
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Means-End Analysis

A
  • A way of solving a problem in which the goal is to reduce the difference between the initial and the goal states
  • Think of small adjustments you make to your feet for kickflips
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18
Q

The Tower of Hanoi: Subgoals

A

Intermediate states that are closer to the goal

19
Q

Prob Solving: Importance of How the Prob is Stated

A

How a prob is stated can affect how difficult it is to solve

20
Q

How the Prob is Stated: The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem

A
  • A problem where you try to cover a checkerboard with dominoes
  • The remove 2 corner pieces and see if you can do it with 1 less domino
  • The way the problem was stated changed how difficult it was to solve
21
Q

How the Prob is Stated: The Think-Aloud Protocol (Procedure)

A
  • P’s say they thoughts out loud (obvs)
  • Researchers noticed that homies was solving shit depending on what aspects of the puzzle they was thinkin bout
22
Q

Using Analogies to Solve Probs: Analogical Problem Solving

A

Using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem

23
Q

Using Analogies to Solve Probs: Analogical Transfer

A

The transferring of experience from solving one prob to solving another fuckin prob

24
Q

Analogical Transfer: Target Problem VS Source Problem

A
  • Target: The problem the P is trying to solve
  • Source: Another problem thats similar to the target prob and shows a saloosh
25
Q

Analogical Transfer: Duncker’s Radiation Problem

A
  • A super ray can kill tumour but will also kill health body parts, what do you do?
  • Solution is hard, but when a story w/ a similar solution is solved beforehand, way more people get it
26
Q

Using Analogies to Solve Probs: Analogical Encoding

A
  • The process by which two probs are compared and similarities between them are determined
27
Q

Analogical Encoding: The Trade-Off Strategy

A
  • Negotiating by figuring out a way where both people get what they want from the same thing
  • You both want sex but one of you hates doggy and the other one loves missionary, you do it missionary
28
Q

Analogical Encoding: The Contingency Strategy

A
  • Negotiating by promising something if something else happens
  • “I want you to suck my cock!”
    “I’ll only suck your cock if you eat my pussy first!”
29
Q

Analogy in Real Livin’: Analogical Paradox

A
  • It’s hard to do analogies in da lab, but happens lots in real life
30
Q

Analogy in Real Livin’: In Vivo Problem-Solving Research (Procedure)

A
  • Observing P’s to see how they solve real-world probs
  • Captures thinking in natural settings
31
Q

Creativity: Divergent Thinking

A
  • Thinking that is open-ended and involves lots of potential solutions
32
Q

Creativity: Group Brainstorming

A
  • Based on the finding that preconceptions can inhibit creative thinkin
  • Idea is to get people together and just throw out ideas without critiquing or over-analyzing them
33
Q

Creativity: Finke’s Creative Cognition (Technique)

A
  • Asks p’s to pick 3 objects randomly and construct a new object without worrying about its usefulness
  • Then asked to interpret what the object could be based on a category
34
Q

Finke’s Creative Cognition: Preinventive Forms

A
  • What Finke called the interpreted objects
  • They still need to be developed and tested and shit
35
Q

Creativity & The Brain: The Nine-Dot Prob

A
  • Gotta put 4 lines through 9 dots
  • Most homies can’t bcuz they see the dots as a square rather than just 9 dots and they get stuck
  • Associated with the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) which groups perceived shit togetha
36
Q

The 9 Dot Prob: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

A
  • A brain procedure that they did to deactivate the left ATL and stimmy the right ATL
  • This shit made people way more likely to solve the prob, since this area of the brain tends to group shits togetha
37
Q

Creativity & The Brain: Compound Remote-Association Problem

A
  • 3 words (pine, crab, sauce) presented
  • Gotta find the word related to all 3 (apple)
  • EEG showed different places were stimulated for different types of solutions (analytical vs insight)
38
Q

Creativity & The Brain: The Default Mode Network

A
  • The brain has a network which operates when we’re not doing something specific with our brain
  • Psychologists think it’s purpose might be to help with creative problem solving
39
Q

The Default Mode Network: Incubation

A
  • Getting an idea for a solution after we stop working on the problem
  • The problem is solved by our DMN!
40
Q

The Default Mode Network: Alternate Uses Task (AUT)

A
  • A baseline task where p’s had to think of alternative uses for an object (Penis = paperweight)
  • P’s then asked to do 1 of 2 tasks (Hard vs Easy)
  • They then do 1st part again (easy one leads to way more new ideas!) (DMN and incubation!)
41
Q

Creativity & The Brain: Executive Control Network

A
  • Involved in directing attention as a person is carrying out tasks
  • Highly correlated with creativity and with DMN (which seems weird!)
  • Might as a traffic cop ‘directing’ the flow of fuckin energy in the DMN
42
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43
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PSYC 258 - Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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