Chapter 12 Powerpoint

Question 1

brain has 4 basic parts

Answer 1

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem

Question 2

cerebrum

Answer 2

largest part of the brain (83%)

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

cauliflower shape

Question 4

diencephalon

Answer 4

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 5

brain stem

Answer 5

continuous with spinal cord. consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain

Question 6

deep gray matter of the brain

Answer 6

neuron cell bodies

Question 7

white matter of the brain

Answer 7

myelinated fiber tracts

Question 8

superficial gray matter

Answer 8

cerebral cortex-neuron cell bodies

Question 9

meninges

Answer 9

consist of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Question 10

Dura mater

Answer 10

meningeal layer is actually meninge, carries blood from the brain towards the heart, outermost layer. consists of periosteal and meningeal

Question 11

arachnoid mater

Answer 11

middle mininx. separated from dura mater by the subdural space, which contains a film of fluid

Question 12

pia mater

Answer 12

delicate innermost layer of meninges, fibrous tissue impermeable to fluid, allowing it to enclose CSF, allows blood vessels to pass thru and nourish the brain, acts as lymphatic system for brain, if inflamed causes meningitis

Question 13

subarachnoid space

Answer 13

weblike extensions span tis space and secure arachnoid to the pia mater. filled with blood vessels and CSF

Question 14

arachnoid villi

Answer 14

projections of the arachnoid mater thru the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus. CSF is absorbed into the venous blood of the sinus by the villi

Question 15

ventricles

Answer 15

CSF filled spaces in brain, all connected to each other and to central canal of spinal cord, lined by ependymal cells.

Question 16

lateral ventricles

Answer 16

look like horns. paired, c shape chambers. separated by the septum pellucidum

Question 17

third ventricle

Answer 17

in the diencephalon. connects to the lateral ventricles via the intraventricular foramen.

Question 18

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 18

connects third ventricle w fourth ventricle

Question 19

fourth ventricle

Answer 19

lies in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior medulla. continuous w the central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 20

CSF

Answer 20

• colorless liquid composed of ions that circulates thru the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord and the ventricles and the central canal
  function- cushion the brain and spinal cord, provides buoyancy, circulates a chemical solution optimal for neuron functioning and eliminate waste products
• made by choroid plexus that is located in the ventricles

Question 21

choroid plexus

Answer 21

made of capillaries and ependymal cells

Question 22

ependymal cells

Answer 22

use fluids from the plasma in the capillaries and select substances to put into the CSF

Question 23

cerebral nuclei

Answer 23

deepest part of cerebrum. islands of grey matter situated deep within the white matter)

Question 24

Gyri

Answer 24

elevated ridges

Question 25

sulci

Answer 25

shallow grooves

Question 26

fissures

Answer 26

deeper grooves, separate large regions of the brain

Question 27

longitudinal fissure

Answer 27

separate the cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

transverse fissures

Answer 28

separate the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

Question 29

5 lobes of the brain

Answer 29

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

Question 30

insula

Answer 30

buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms parts of its floor. covered by portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

Question 31

cortex

Answer 31

- responsible for higher thinking - has sensory, motor, and multimodal association areas - within these areas there is a regional dedication

Question 32

cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter:

Answer 32

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated gila and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It is thin, but responsible for 40% of total brain mass due to lots of folds.

Question 33

cerebral cortex three kinds of functional areas

Answer 33

(all neurons in cortex are interneurons) - motor areas -sensory areas -association areas each hemisphere is chiefly concerned w the sensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body. -even tho symmetrical, both hemispheres are not equal in function. there is specialization of cortical functions

Question 34

conscious behavior involves

Answer 34

the entire cortex in one way or another

Question 35

motor cortex

Answer 35

- send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles - all anterior to central sulcus (frontal lobe) - red area in diagram.

Question 36

primary motor area #4

Answer 36

- controls movement of specific skeletal muscles - controls opposite side of body - regional dedication precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere. allow conscious control of the precise or skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Question 37

long axons form the massive voluntary motor tracts called the

Answer 37

pyramidal tracts

Question 38

shows that broad areas of the primary cortex are devoted to the leg, arm, torso and head but neuron organization in those areas is much more diffuse than initially imagined

Answer 38

motor homunculi

Question 39

premotor #6

Answer 39

involved in learned repetitive skeletal muscle movements

Question 40

frontal eye field #8

Answer 40

voluntary eye movement

Question 41

broca's area #44,45

Answer 41

well developed on the left side. send impulses to muscles for speech

Question 42

damage to Broca's area #44, 45 can cause people to know what they want to say but be unable to say it

Answer 42

nonfluent aphasia

Question 43

sensory cortex

Answer 43

- receive nerve impulses about stimuli detected - located posteriorly to central sulcus (parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes) - blue in diagrams - involved with conscious awareness of sensation

Question 44

primary somatosensory cortex #1-3

Answer 44

- receives info from opposite side of the body - identifies the specific area the stimulus came from - has regional dedication -postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

Question 45

somatosensory association area #5, 7

Answer 45

receives input from primary sensory and many subcortical areas - draws on stored memories of past experiences to interpret situations - posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex. integrate sensory inputs ( temp., pressure) relayed to it from the primary somatosensory cortex to li

Question 46

gustatory cortex (in insula)

Answer 46

for taste (gustation)

Question 47

also in the insula

Answer 47

``` olfactory cortex (smell) Visceral sensory area (from guts) ```

Question 48

auditory association area #42

Answer 48

distinguishes speech, music, etc

Question 49

primary auditory cortex #41

Answer 49

for pitch, tone, rhythm, volume

Question 50

primary visual #17

Answer 50

for shape, color, movement

Question 51

visual association #18

Answer 51

provides context for what is seen

Question 52

multimodal association cortex

Answer 52

- highly integrated areas - receive stimuli from several areas and send signals to other areas - draw on memories to provide meaning to stimuli - thought, memories, emotions all integrated and becomes the conscious idea - appropriate response generated

Question 53

anterior association area= prefrontal cortex

Answer 53

for intellect, personality, judgement, reasoning, planning. develops during childhood in a manner dictated by social environment . loss pf the area casuses negative personality changes

Question 54

posterior association area= common (general) intergrative area

Answer 54

allows us to understand a situation even with only partial input. loss of this area make you nonfunctional- unable to understand what is happening around you

Question 55

wernicke' area #22 | part of the posterior association area

Answer 55

to interpret language (what do words mean what do they look like)

Question 56

limbic association area

Answer 56

integrates the stimulus w emotions

Question 57

left brain

Answer 57

language, math, logic, reason : 90% of people

Question 58

right brain

Answer 58

spatial skills, intuitions, emotion, art appreciation, musical ablity