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A&P 1 Exam 5 > Chapter 12 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

brain has 4 basic parts

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem

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2
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain (83%)

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3
Q

cerebellum

A

cauliflower shape

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4
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

brain stem

A

continuous with spinal cord. consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain

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6
Q

deep gray matter of the brain

A

neuron cell bodies

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7
Q

white matter of the brain

A

myelinated fiber tracts

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8
Q

superficial gray matter

A

cerebral cortex-neuron cell bodies

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9
Q

meninges

A

consist of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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10
Q

Dura mater

A

meningeal layer is actually meninge, carries blood from the brain towards the heart, outermost layer. consists of periosteal and meningeal

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11
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle mininx. separated from dura mater by the subdural space, which contains a film of fluid

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12
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer of meninges, fibrous tissue impermeable to fluid, allowing it to enclose CSF, allows blood vessels to pass thru and nourish the brain, acts as lymphatic system for brain, if inflamed causes meningitis

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

weblike extensions span tis space and secure arachnoid to the pia mater. filled with blood vessels and CSF

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14
Q

arachnoid villi

A

projections of the arachnoid mater thru the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus. CSF is absorbed into the venous blood of the sinus by the villi

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15
Q

ventricles

A

CSF filled spaces in brain, all connected to each other and to central canal of spinal cord, lined by ependymal cells.

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16
Q

lateral ventricles

A

look like horns. paired, c shape chambers. separated by the septum pellucidum

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17
Q

third ventricle

A

in the diencephalon. connects to the lateral ventricles via the intraventricular foramen.

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18
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third ventricle w fourth ventricle

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19
Q

fourth ventricle

A

lies in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior medulla. continuous w the central canal of the spinal cord.

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20
Q

CSF

A
  • colorless liquid composed of ions that circulates thru the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord and the ventricles and the central canal
    function- cushion the brain and spinal cord, provides buoyancy, circulates a chemical solution optimal for neuron functioning and eliminate waste products
  • made by choroid plexus that is located in the ventricles
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21
Q

choroid plexus

A

made of capillaries and ependymal cells

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22
Q

ependymal cells

A

use fluids from the plasma in the capillaries and select substances to put into the CSF

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23
Q

cerebral nuclei

A

deepest part of cerebrum. islands of grey matter situated deep within the white matter)

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24
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges

25
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

26
Q

fissures

A

deeper grooves, separate large regions of the brain

27
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separate the cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

transverse fissures

A

separate the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

29
Q

5 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

30
Q

insula

A

buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms parts of its floor. covered by portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

31
Q

cortex

A
  • responsible for higher thinking
  • has sensory, motor, and multimodal association areas
  • within these areas there is a regional dedication
32
Q

cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter:

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated gila and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It is thin, but responsible for 40% of total brain mass due to lots of folds.

33
Q

cerebral cortex three kinds of functional areas

A

(all neurons in cortex are interneurons)
- motor areas
-sensory areas
-association areas
each hemisphere is chiefly concerned w the sensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body.
-even tho symmetrical, both hemispheres are not equal in function. there is specialization of cortical functions

34
Q

conscious behavior involves

A

the entire cortex in one way or another

35
Q

motor cortex

A
  • send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles
  • all anterior to central sulcus (frontal lobe)
  • red area in diagram.
36
Q

primary motor area #4

A
  • controls movement of specific skeletal muscles
  • controls opposite side of body
  • regional dedication

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere. allow conscious control of the precise or skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

37
Q

long axons form the massive voluntary motor tracts called the

A

pyramidal tracts

38
Q

shows that broad areas of the primary cortex are devoted to the leg, arm, torso and head but neuron organization in those areas is much more diffuse than initially imagined

A

motor homunculi

39
Q

premotor #6

A

involved in learned repetitive skeletal muscle movements

40
Q

frontal eye field #8

A

voluntary eye movement

41
Q

broca’s area #44,45

A

well developed on the left side. send impulses to muscles for speech

42
Q

damage to Broca’s area #44, 45 can cause people to know what they want to say but be unable to say it

A

nonfluent aphasia

43
Q

sensory cortex

A
  • receive nerve impulses about stimuli detected
  • located posteriorly to central sulcus (parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes)
  • blue in diagrams
  • involved with conscious awareness of sensation
44
Q

primary somatosensory cortex #1-3

A
  • receives info from opposite side of the body
  • identifies the specific area the stimulus came from
  • has regional dedication

-postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

45
Q

somatosensory association area #5, 7

A

receives input from primary sensory and many subcortical areas
- draws on stored memories of past experiences to interpret situations

  • posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex. integrate sensory inputs ( temp., pressure) relayed to it from the primary somatosensory cortex to li
46
Q

gustatory cortex (in insula)

A

for taste (gustation)

47
Q

also in the insula

A 
olfactory cortex (smell)
Visceral sensory area (from guts)
48
Q

auditory association area #42

A

distinguishes speech, music, etc

49
Q

primary auditory cortex #41

A

for pitch, tone, rhythm, volume

50
Q

primary visual #17

A

for shape, color, movement

51
Q

visual association #18

A

provides context for what is seen

52
Q

multimodal association cortex

A
  • highly integrated areas - receive stimuli from several areas and send signals to other areas
  • draw on memories to provide meaning to stimuli
  • thought, memories, emotions all integrated and becomes the conscious idea
  • appropriate response generated
53
Q

anterior association area= prefrontal cortex

A

for intellect, personality, judgement, reasoning, planning. develops during childhood in a manner dictated by social environment . loss pf the area casuses negative personality changes

54
Q

posterior association area= common (general) intergrative area

A

allows us to understand a situation even with only partial input. loss of this area make you nonfunctional- unable to understand what is happening around you

55
Q

wernicke’ area #22

part of the posterior association area

A

to interpret language (what do words mean what do they look like)

56
Q

limbic association area

A

integrates the stimulus w emotions

57
Q

left brain

A

language, math, logic, reason : 90% of people

58
Q

right brain

A

spatial skills, intuitions, emotion, art appreciation, musical ablity

A&P 1 Exam 5 (4 decks)

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