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Psychology Exam Prep > Chapter 12 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is trait theory?

A

In psychology, trait theory is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion

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2
Q

What are psychodynamic theories?

A

include all diverse theories descended from the work of Freud, which focus on the unconscious mental forces

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3
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits
Uniqueness or distinctiveness
(what differentiates one another)
Consistancy of thinking, feeling and responding

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4
Q

What are the goals of trait theory?

A
  • identify basic traits that are stable and enduring

- measure and predict individual difference

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5
Q

Who came up with 4500 possible personality traits?

A

Allport

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6
Q

Cattel used Allport research as a starting point to break down the list to how many traits through factor analysis?

A

16 traits through factor analysis

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7
Q

The most current model has what 5 personality traits?

A 
Extroversion
Agreeability
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
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8
Q

What is extroversion?

A

characteristics like talkative, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

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9
Q

What is agreeability?

A

sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative

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10
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful

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11
Q

Wat is neuroticism?

A

anxious, insecure, guilt-prone, self-conscious

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12
Q

What is openness?

A

Daring, nonconforming, unusual broad interests, imaginitive

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13
Q

What are the negatives of trait theory?

A
  • Only predicts a range of behaviour
  • Doesn’t explain behaviour just labels
  • Too few traits to account for human variation
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14
Q

What are the 2 main points of the psychodynamic perspective?

A
  1. Much of what motivates our behaviour is below our awareness
    • Iceburg metaphor (describes the human mind; the part above the surface is what we are aware of and the part just beneath is the preconscious memories and stored knowledge, and the part deepest is the unconscious level)
  2. Early experiences shape our personalities (he thought that our personality was shaped under the age of 5, however your personality continues to develop through out your life)
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15
Q

Explain the iceberg metaphor.

A

Describes the human mind

  • the part of the iceberg that is above the surface is what we are aware of
  • part of the iceberg just beneath the surface is the preconscious memory
  • the deepest part of the ice burg is the unconscious level
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16
Q

What are the three components of Freud’s structure of personality?

A

Id- primal urges want satisfying
Ego- mediator (wants id and superego happy)
Super-ego- (develops around age of 5) seeks moral principles/ perfection

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17
Q

What does internal conflict result in?

A

anxiety

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of defence mechanisms?

A
  • are unconscious

- they all involve self deception

19
Q

Name the (7) defence mechanisms?

A
  1. Repression
  2. Projection
  3. Displacement
  4. Reaction formation
  5. Rationalization
  6. Denial
  7. Sublimation
20
Q

Define repression defence mechanism.

A

bury threatening content into the unconscious

21
Q

Define projection defence mechanism.

A

attribute unacceptable impulse to someone else
Example; woman who haven’t had sex in a long time, who wants to engage in sexual activity, but she instead of acknowledging she says ‘men only have one thing on their mind’

22
Q

Define displacement defence mechanism.

A

divert impulse from real target to safe substitute

example; you want to strangle your boss but instead you go home and yell at your brother

23
Q

Define reaction formation

A

when you bury forbidden impulses and instead display the opposite
example homophobic men actually are attracted to men themselves (studies suggest correlation)

24
Q

Define rationalization.

A

offers plausible explanation for unacceptable behaviour

25
Q

Define denial.

A

refuse to acknowledge anxiety provoking facts

26
Q

Define sublimation.

A

re-channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable or laudable behaviour

27
Q

What does laudable mean?

A

deserving praise or commedation

28
Q

What were the criticism of Freudian theories?

A
  • poor testability
  • over reliance on case studies
  • biased against woman
29
Q

What was the behaviouralistic perspective of BP Skinner on personality?

A
  • on personality is behaviour, what you see is what you get
  • uniqueness of learning is due to unique history of reinforcement
  • consistency of learning due to consistant pattern of reinforcement
    =environmental determinism is only part of the puzzle
30
Q

What was the social-cognitive perspective of personality (Bandura)?

A

-Considers environment AND internal factors like thoughts and beliefs and expectations
(Its not just the consequences but what we believe the consequences will be)
- Reciprocal determinism (reciprocal means give and take)
- Is not a one way relationship internal factors
- Personal/cognitive factors, behaviour, and environment all influence one another
- self-efficacy is belief in ones capability; affect goal directed behaviour, and changes based on experience

31
Q

What was the humanistic perspective on personally?

A

 Emphasis on person’s internal world (its what we make of the experiences, not the experience itself; this means the same event means different things to different people)
 Perception of experiences shape personality

32
Q

What is the humanist Carl Rogers’ self theory?

A

Roger’s self theory is humans need for actualization

33
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

acceptance with no strings attached which Rogers felt was the best way for congruence with self concepts

34
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

When acceptance is only given when certain behaviour is elicited; results in contains of worth

35
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

when a persons thinks they are only worthy of love and approval only when I think, feel and act a certain way

36
Q

What is conditional self regard?

A

When a person only feels good about themselves if they act, feel, or think a certain way

37
Q

What are self-concepts?

A

the collaboration of beliefs about ones own nature, unique qualities and beliefs

38
Q

What does Roger’s believe the result is of unconditional positive regard in relation to self concepts?

A

results in accurate self concepts

39
Q

What does Roger’s believe the result is of conditional positive regard in relation to self concepts?

A

results in inaccurate self concepts; we down parts of our lives that we have learned are unworthy

40
Q

What is congruence?

A

consistency between self concepts and experience

41
Q

Too much incongruence results in what?

A

anxiety

42
Q

What does Rogers Client centred approach do?

A
  • Optimize self-actualization by removing conditions of worth
  • Empathetic understanding (not sympathetic)
  • Unconditional positive regard (except all of the person so they can except themselves)
43
Q

Before Carl Rogers ____ were called ____.

A

client

patients

Psychology Exam Prep (4 decks)

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