Chapter 12: Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Question 2

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Answer 2

View personality as primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and as occurring in stages. Most psychoanalytic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play a role in sculpting personality

Question 3

Ego

Answer 3

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands if reality

Question 4

ID

Answer 4

The Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts, which are the individuals reservoir of psychic energy

Question 5

Superego

Answer 5

The Freudian structure of the personality that deals with morality

Question 6

Oedipus Complex

Answer 6

In Freud’s theory, the young child’s development of an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent

Question 7

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 7

The ego’s protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 8

Archetypes

Answer 8

The name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning

Question 9

Collective Unconscious

Answer 9

Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all beings because of their common ancestral past

Question 10

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 10

States that behavior, environment and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality

Question 11

Locus of Control

Answer 11

Individual’s belief about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside their personal control (external control)

Question 12

Self-Efficacy

Answer 12

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Question 13

Self-Esteem

Answer 13

The person’s overall evaluation of self-worth or self-image

Question 14

Humanistic Perspectives

Answer 14

Stress the person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom and to choose a destiny, and positive qualities

Question 15

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 15

Roger’s term for accepting, valuing and being positive toward another person regardless of the persons behavior

Question 16

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Answer 16

• personality is primarily unconscious
• early childhood experiences sculpt the individuals - personality
• conflict between instincts and society’s demands
• — exploring the symbolic meaning of behavior and the unconscious mind

Question 17

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud and Psychoanalysis

Answer 17

• sex drive: main determinant of personality development
• Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality
• Ego: deals with the demands of reality
• Id: instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
• Superego: moral branch of personality; “conscience”

Question 18

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 18

defense mechanisms reduct anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 19

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 19

• 5 stages of personality
• — erogenous zones: parts of the body that give pleasure
• Adult personality is determined by
• — resolution of conflicts between
• ——- early sources of pleasure
• ——- demands of reality
• Oral Stage: 0-18 months
• — infants pleasure centers on the mouth
• — biting, sucking, chewing
• Anal Stage: 18-36 months
• — child’s pleasure involves elimination functions
• Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs
• — child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
• — Oedipal complex
• Latency Stage: 6 yrs - Puberty
• — psychic “time out”
• — interest in sexuality is repressed
• Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood
• — sexual reawakening
• — source of sexual pleasure is someone else
• — unresolved conflict with parents re-emerge

Question 20

Other Psychodynamic Perspectives

Karen Horney

Answer 20

• sexuality: not pervasive force behind personality
• early experience: not as powerful as Freud thought
• socio-cultural influences
• need for security, not sex, primary motivator

Question 21

Other Psychodynamic Perspectives

Carl Jung

Answer 21

• collective unconscious – deepest layer of the unconscious mind
• shared by all humans because of our common ancestral past
• Archetypes: rich and symbolic images
• Integration of opposites
• shadow

Question 22

Humanistic Perspectives

Answer 22

• positive qualities
• capacity for personal growth
• freedom to choose destiny

Question 23

Humanistic Perspectives

Abraham Maslow

Answer 23

• self-actualization

- develop full potential

Question 24

Humanistic Perspectives

Carl Rogers

Answer 24

• distort of devalue our true selves
• lose a sense of self by mirroring what others want
• Positive self concept
• — unconditional positive regard
• — empathy
• — genuineness

Question 25

Humanistic Perspectives

Behavioral Social Cognitive Perspectives

Answer 25

• personality is learned
• importance of environmental experiences
• focus on rewards and punishments
• behavior can change if new experiences are encountered

Question 26

Humanistic Perspectives

Social Cognitive Perspectives

Answer 26

• Albert Bandura
• reciprocal determinism
• social-efficacy
  (pyramid: Behavior –> Enviornment –> Personal and cognitive factors

Question 27

Humanistic Perspective

Trait Perspective

Answer 27

• Trait
• we describe ourselves in terms of traits
• traits are the building blocks of personality
• leads to certain behaviors

Question 28

Humanistic Perspective

Personality Assessment

Answer 28

• Self Report Tests
• — Myers/Briggs; MMPI
• beware of social desirability
• Myers Briggs Type Indicator
• — four dimensions
• ——- extraversion-introversion
• ——- sensing-intuiting
• ——- thinking-feeling
• ——- judgement-perception