Chapter 12: Personality Flashcards
Personality
a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
Psychodynamic Perspectives
View personality as primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and as occurring in stages. Most psychoanalytic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play a role in sculpting personality
Ego
The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands if reality
ID
The Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts, which are the individuals reservoir of psychic energy
Superego
The Freudian structure of the personality that deals with morality
Oedipus Complex
In Freud’s theory, the young child’s development of an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent
Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Archetypes
The name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning
Collective Unconscious
Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all beings because of their common ancestral past
Social Cognitive Theory
States that behavior, environment and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality
Locus of Control
Individual’s belief about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside their personal control (external control)
Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Self-Esteem
The person’s overall evaluation of self-worth or self-image
Humanistic Perspectives
Stress the person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom and to choose a destiny, and positive qualities
Unconditional Positive Regard
Roger’s term for accepting, valuing and being positive toward another person regardless of the persons behavior
Psychodynamic Perspectives
- personality is primarily unconscious
- early childhood experiences sculpt the individuals - personality
- conflict between instincts and society’s demands
- — exploring the symbolic meaning of behavior and the unconscious mind
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud and Psychoanalysis
- sex drive: main determinant of personality development
- Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality
- Ego: deals with the demands of reality
- Id: instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
- Superego: moral branch of personality; “conscience”
Defense Mechanisms
defense mechanisms reduct anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Psychosexual Stages
- 5 stages of personality
- — erogenous zones: parts of the body that give pleasure
- Adult personality is determined by
- — resolution of conflicts between
- ——- early sources of pleasure
- ——- demands of reality
- Oral Stage: 0-18 months
- — infants pleasure centers on the mouth
- — biting, sucking, chewing
- Anal Stage: 18-36 months
- — child’s pleasure involves elimination functions
- Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs
- — child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
- — Oedipal complex
- Latency Stage: 6 yrs - Puberty
- — psychic “time out”
- — interest in sexuality is repressed
- Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood
- — sexual reawakening
- — source of sexual pleasure is someone else
- — unresolved conflict with parents re-emerge
Other Psychodynamic Perspectives
Karen Horney
- sexuality: not pervasive force behind personality
- early experience: not as powerful as Freud thought
- socio-cultural influences
- need for security, not sex, primary motivator
Other Psychodynamic Perspectives
Carl Jung
- collective unconscious – deepest layer of the unconscious mind
- shared by all humans because of our common ancestral past
- Archetypes: rich and symbolic images
- Integration of opposites
- shadow
Humanistic Perspectives
- positive qualities
- capacity for personal growth
- freedom to choose destiny
Humanistic Perspectives
Abraham Maslow
- self-actualization
- develop full potential
Humanistic Perspectives
Carl Rogers
- distort of devalue our true selves
- lose a sense of self by mirroring what others want
- Positive self concept
- — unconditional positive regard
- — empathy
- — genuineness
Humanistic Perspectives
Behavioral Social Cognitive Perspectives
- personality is learned
- importance of environmental experiences
- focus on rewards and punishments
- behavior can change if new experiences are encountered
Humanistic Perspectives
Social Cognitive Perspectives
- Albert Bandura
- reciprocal determinism
- social-efficacy
(pyramid: Behavior –> Enviornment –> Personal and cognitive factors
Humanistic Perspective
Trait Perspective
- Trait
- we describe ourselves in terms of traits
- traits are the building blocks of personality
- leads to certain behaviors
Humanistic Perspective
Personality Assessment
- Self Report Tests
- — Myers/Briggs; MMPI
- beware of social desirability
- Myers Briggs Type Indicator
- — four dimensions
- ——- extraversion-introversion
- ——- sensing-intuiting
- ——- thinking-feeling
- ——- judgement-perception
