Chapter 12: Negative Reinforcement

Question 1

Avoidance Contingency

Answer 1

A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Question 2

Conditioned Negative Reinforcer

Answer 2

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers.

Question 3

Discriminated Avoidance

Answer 3

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

Question 4

Escape Contingency

Answer 4

A contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus.

Question 5

Free-Operant Avoidance

Answer 5

A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.

Question 6

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 6

A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses.

Question 7

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcer

Answer 7

A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species;
- no prior learning is involved ( e.g. shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temperatures, strong pressure against the body