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Year 11 Human Biology Atar > Chapter 12 - Musculoskeletal System: BONES > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Musculoskeletal System: BONES Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the Axial Skeleton (80 Bones)

A

The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body.

It consists of the skull, vertebral column; the sacrum, coccyx, The thoracic cage; ribs and sternum.

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2
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton ( 126)

A

It is joined by a multitude of joints, ligaments, and cartilage, form the appendicular skeleton.
This allows for greater motion and movement when compared to the axial skeleton.
The appendicular skeleton bones are vital for movement, locomotion, and overall function of the human body

  • Shoulder Girdle; Clavicle, Scapula
  • Upper Limbs; Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
  • Lower Girdle; Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals,Metatarsals, Phalanges, Calcaneus (heel) - Subtalar Joint
  • Pelvic Girdle; The coxal bone (hip bone, pelvic bone) is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below.
    Pelvis, Pubis Symphysis
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3
Q

How many bones in body - where

A

When Born = 270 - 300 bones

At 25 bones completely fuse into larger bones = 206 bones

Axial Skeleton = 80 bones

  • Skull 29
  • Vertebral Column 26
  • Thorax 25
  • Ossicles 6

Appendicular Skeleton = 126 Bones

  • Shoulder Girdle 4
  • upper limb 60
  • pelvic girdle 2
  • lower limb 60
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4
Q

What are the main functions of the bone?

A
  1. Frame and support; provides a firm framework that gives shape and support to the body parts.
    - prevents soft tissue from collapsing in a heap
    - provides points of attachment for most muscles in the body
  2. Movement; bones act as an anchor for muscles to attach to so that the body can move.
  3. Protection of Vital organs; bone making up Skelton is hard structures encasing vital organs so that bones receive the main force/harm first before organs, spinal chord ect.
  4. Storage organs; for minerals (salts) and fats
    Minerals stored; K, Na, Ca, P
    These can be distributed to other regions of the circulatory system when required Eg. Preggo has no Ca, it can be removed from skeleton bones for foetus growth
  5. Blood cell production; Red marrow within bones has stem cells that can differentiate into blood cells. Factors in cells environment determines whether they become RBC, WBC or platelets
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5
Q

What is the Periosteum

A

The periosteum is a dense, white, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone

  • no periosteum at joints where bones are covered with articulations cartilage
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6
Q

A typical long bone consist of Diaphysis and Epiphysis, what are they?

A

Diaphysis - a shaft making up most the bone

Epiphysis - the ENDS; enlarged ends of the bone with a thin layer of articular cartilage

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7
Q

When bone is cut lengthwise, explain what is seen.

A

Diaphysis is seen to be hollow cylindrical COMPACT BONE surrounding the cavity.
This cavity is used as fat storage site = Yellow bone marrow cavity

Epiphysis has compact bone on the outside but the central regions contain SPONGY/ CANCELLOUS bone.
Certain bones here have RBC production RED BONE MARROW

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8
Q

What is bone

A

Bone is a connective tissue (hardest connective tissue)
- consists of cells separated from each other by larger amounts of non cellular material called a matrix

Cells + matrix = bone

A bone is rigid + strong in strength because of inorganic salts deposited in Matrix

Has brittle and calcified matrix (Calcium phosphate) with many collagen fibres, giving bones a degree of Pliability (flexibility)

3 types of cells occur in bones

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9
Q

What is the medullary cavity

A

It is the cavity found in long bones filled with yellow bone marrow ( stores fat - energy)

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10
Q

What are the three types of cells found in Bones

A
  1. Osteoblasts (for building bones)
    - young cell that produces bone
    - forms bone matrix; calcium phosphate + collagen fibres = rigid bone
  2. Osteocytes
    - bone cells formed from osteoblasts
    - mature bone cells embedded or trapped in matrix
    - maintains bone tissue/ matrix
  3. Osteoclasts ( bone breaking)
    - Reabsorbs (destroys) bone tissue
    - makes acidic environment to dissolve bone ( makes cavities)
    - active during growth or healing or ageing
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11
Q

What is the structure of a compact bone?

A

Compact bone is a very hard bone which runs vertically along the length of the long bone to provide strength

It is made up of Osteons or Haverison systems

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12
Q

What are Haversion systems?

A

Bone is Made up of round units called OSTEONS/ Haveriosn systems

  • are circular layers of bone ( LAMELLAE) surrounding central HAVERSION CANAL which carries Blood, Lymph vessels and Nerves
  • small spaces in Matrix are called LACUNAE, bone cell (OSTEOCYTES) occupies each lacunae
  • tiny canals = canaliculi, runs between the lacunae
  • cytoplasmic projections from bone cell all go into canaliculi - so adjacent cells can connect

Bone cells + Blood vessels = haverison systems/ Osteon

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13
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A
  • found in epiphysis region of long bone
  • have no haversion systems
  • TRABECULAE= irregular arrangement of thin bony parts
  • osteocytes in trabeculae
  • blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves are found
  • in adults= bone marrow confined to these cavities

Epipseal line of cartilage - remnant of plate seen in young growing bones.

Trabeculae + small spaces (containing bone marrow - red) + B.V

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14
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bones of the skeleton are formed from hyaline cartilage ( in embryo) by a process of ossification (bone formation) and they grow by bone remodelling.

From 8wks - birth = bony skeleton

Bone remodelling is also important in bone repair/ fractures

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15
Q

List the three types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibro - cartilage
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16
Q

What is cartilage

A

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with no blood vessels
Contains numerous fibres made of a protein called collagen

Protein fibres are embedded in firm matrix of protein - carbohydrate Complex called CHONDRIN

Nutrition and wastes removal for cells = via diffusion through matrix ( slow process)

Chondrocytes - have slow metabolism, slow cell division = slow healing

17
Q

Osteoporosis (Porous Bone)

A

It is the loss of bone mass that occurs with ageing becomes sufficient to impair normal functioning.

Causes

  • bone disease
  • bone loose minerals
  • Ca or vitamin D deficiency
  • bone breakdown
  • bone density decreases wearing bone ( thin, weak, brittle, fragile)
  • post menopausal women ( decrease in oestrogen)
  • inactivity

Symptoms

  • no symptoms till bone break
  • bones WEAK and Thin = increase chance of breaking/ fracture

Common places; Spine, Wrist and Hip

Effects

  • loss of height
  • hunching of spine (curved) deformed wrist and hips

Osteoporosis

  • dietary supplements calcium, vit D
  • healthy diet
  • weight bearing exercise
  • lifestyle changes
  • stop smoking

Risk factors

  • family/ genetic history
  • poor diet
  • lack of exercise
  • being female - menopause, sharp drop in oestrogen hormone
  • men - low testosterone ( gradual decrease) and GH
  • lifestyle; smoking and alcohol

Diagnosis
- bone density scan

18
Q

Osteoarthritis (joints)

A

It is the gradual change in the joints that occur over time and is frequently associated with ageing

Causes

  • Loss/ wearing away of cartilage joints
  • wearing of bone - bare bones grate against each other
  • occupations requiring repetitive use of joint
  • previous joint injury
  • overweight

Symptoms

  • pain and stiffness in joints
  • restricted/ difficult movement, loss of joint function
  • inflammation ( increased blood supply, increased WBC)
  • swelling of joints
  • Bony SPURS (growths) develop

Effects

  • abnormal bone formation
  • deformities of hands and feet
  • bony spurs

Treatment

  • no cure
  • pain relief medication
  • anti-inflammatory drugs
  • physiotherapist to strengthen muscles
  • gentle exercise program
  • weight loss program
  • joint replacement surgery or realignment

Risk factors

  • family history
  • repetitive moments or strains
  • overweight
  • joint injury

Found in bearing joints ; spine, knee, foot, hips

Diagnosis
- X ray

19
Q

What is the microscopic structure of cartilage?

A

Has firm matrix with collagen fibres embedded
- within the matrix are spaces that contain the cartilage cells called CHONDROBLASTS

Chondroblasts produce matrix and gradually become surrounded by it until they are trapped in small spaces called lacunae
- once this occurs the cells are considered to be mature and referred to as CHONDROCYTES

The collagen fibres in the matrix range in thickness from extremely fine to quite coarse. This variation allows classification into three types.

20
Q

What is the Perichondrium?

A

It is the fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the external surface of cartilage
* except articular cartilage found in joint end of bones

Blood supply to cartilage comes from blood vessels located in the inner layers of perichondrium

21
Q

What are the three types of cartilage? Characteristics and location .

A
  1. HYALINE CARTILAGE
    - contains closely packed fine fibres ( collagenous) in the matrix
    - There are chondrocytes in lacunae
    - gives cartilage strength and flexibility
    FOUND IN THE RINGS OF TYE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND THE ENDS OF BONES ( articular)
  2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
    - has elastic fibres and collagen fibres (but as closely packed)
    - this cartilage provides support in places (external ear) and is also flexible
    - springing meaning it can fold down and go back up
    FOUND IN EAR
  3. FIBROCARTILAGE
    - it has coarse appearance from the parallel bundles of thick collagenous fibres
    - not as compact as in hyaline therefore it is able to be COMPRESSED slightly
    - supports the weight of the body, and can withstand heavy pressure
    FOUND IN THE INTERVEGRAL DISC OF SPINAL CHORD
    ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF KNEE JOINT (disc)
    PUBIS SYMPHYSIS CONNECTING PUBIC PELIV BONES
22
Q

What are joints?

A

The site at which two or more bones come together or articular is called a joint.

A joint contains
- collagen,ligaments (B-B), Tendons (M-B), synovial fluid and cartilage

Bones are classified via the function and structure

23
Q

What are the three types of joints and their characteristics ?

A

Fibrous/ Fixed/ Immoveable Joints
- the bones are held in place by fibrous connective tissue
- difficult to damage as it is so strong that the bone is usually broken before joint
FOUND IN SUTURES OF SKULL, JOINT BETWEEN TEETH IN JAWS

Cartilaginous / Slightly moveable

  • joint in held in place by cartilage which allows slight movement to occur
  • PUBIC SYMPHYSIS between two pelvic bones, JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENT VERTEBRAE, RIBS AND STERNUM

Synovial or freely moveable joints
- feels moveable but the amount is limited by ligaments, tendons, muscles and adjoining bones.
OCCURS AT SHOULDER, ELBOW, WRISTS, FINGERS, HIP, KNEES, ANKLES AND TOES
- there are six types

24
Q

List the six types of synovial joints in the body

A
  • ball and socket joints
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
  • gliding joints
  • saddle joint
  • condyloid or ellipsoid joints
25
Q

Flexion vs Extension

A

Flexion - bending, which usually decreases the angle between the articulating bones (foetus) Eg Knee or elbow bending

Extension - straightening, increases rate angle between the articulating bones ( arm or leg straightening after flexion)

26
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body
Eg lifting the arm upwards and away from the body

Adduction - movement towards the midline of the body
Eg retune has arms to the sides after abduction

27
Q

Rotation

A

Rotation is the movement of a bone around its long axis

Eg rotation of humerus when palms are turning upwards by twisting forearm from shoulder

28
Q

Explain the synovial BALL AND SOCKET JOINT characteristics and location.

A

Allows 360° plane movement; side to side, back to front, rotation
- a sphere head bone fits into a cup like cavity

Found in
Shoulder girdle - humerus fits into scapula (shoulder blade)
Pelvic girdle- femur fits into pelvis

29
Q

Explain the synovial HINGE JOINT characteristics and location.

A

Allows movement in one plane only (180°) - hinged door

  • Back and forth movement
  • Convex on concave

Location - Elbow joint, Knee joint, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint

30
Q

Explain the synovial PIVOT JOINTS characteristics and location.

A

Movement = rotation + back and forth

Are formed when the rounded, pointed or conceal end of one bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by a ligament.

FOUND ; Atlas and Axis Vertebrae of spinal column which allows head to rotate

Between Radius and Ulna of forearm allowing rotation of hand

31
Q

Explain the synovial Condlyloid characteristics and location.

A

Or ellipsoid joint

Surface bone slightly convex fits into a slightly concave depression of another bone

FOUND; Radius and Carpals (wrist joint), Meta carpals/meta tarsals joining to phalanges

32
Q

Why are synovial joints called freely moveable joints?

A

Because there is a space or Synovial Cavity between the articulating surface of bone.

It allows flexion, extension, abduction, abduction and rotation to occur.

33
Q

What does the articular capsule contain?

A

The capsule is the structure surrounding and enclosing the joint

Comprised of Two layers

  1. The outer layer called the FIBROUS CAPSULE; the fibrous capsule consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones.
    * flexibility permits movement at the joint, whereas its strength resists dislocation
    * one of the principle structures holding bone together
  2. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; synovial membrane makes up the inner layer of the capsule.
    * consist of loose connective tissue, inner surface well supplied with blood capillaries.
    * lines the entire joint except the articular cartilages and the structure called articular disc
34
Q

What can be found in the Synovial membrane?

A
  1. Synovial fluid; secreted by synovial membrane and fills the synovial cavity.
    * to lubricate the joint, provides nourishment for the cells of the articular cartilage
    * also contain phagocytic cells that remove micro-organisms and debris resulting from wear and tear at joint
    * similar to egg white consistency and helps keep articulating surfaces from making contact with each other
    * forms a thin film over the surface and only small amount is present (0.5 ml in knee joint) however amount may increase if joint is injured or inflamed- can cause swelling or discomfort
  2. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; tissue covers the articulating surfaces of bones forming the joint, for a smooth surface for movement
  3. ARTICULAR DISCS; consist of fibrocartilage extending inward from articular capsule
    * divides the synovial cavity into 2
    * flow of synovial fluid can be directed to areas of greatest friction
    * in knee known as menisci or meniscus (sing.) - tearing here is referred to as torn cartilage in athletes
  4. BURSAE; little sacs of synovial fluid, positioned in a way to prevent friction between bone and ligament or tendon. Or between a bone and skin in cases where joint capsule is near body surface
  5. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS; hold bones together in many joints
35
Q

What keeps the articular surfaces of synovial Joints in contact with each other?

A
  1. Fit of the articulating bones Eg. Ball socket joint where head of humerus fits into socket of scapula to form shoulder joint
  2. Strength of the joint ligaments Eg. in hips
  3. Tension provided by the muscles around the joint Eg. In knee, the fibrous capsule is formed principally from tendons attached to the muscles acting on the joint
36
Q

Explain the synovial GLIDING JOINT characteristics and location.

A

Or plane joint

Movement allowed is side to side or back to front
Restricted only by ligaments or bony processes surrounding the joint

FOUND: between CARPAL bones,
between TARSAL bones,
STERNUM and CLAVICLE,
SCAPULA and CLAVICLE

36
Q

Explain the synovial SADDLE JOINTS characteristics and location.

A

Movement allowed; SIDE TO SIDE or Back to front and some Rotation

Two bones forming the joint are both saddle shaped, concave in one direction and convex in other

Found: THUMB joins to the palm of the hand ( Carpal and metacarpal joint of thumb)

Year 11 Human Biology Atar (10 decks)

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