Chapter 12 key terms Flashcards
The ability to rise above immediate pressures and not give in to impulse
Self-control
A parental discipline strategy of inducing the child to reason, to think for him or herself about a situation
Inductive Reasoning
Having not yet developed moral sensibility
Premoral
A stage described by Piaget that begins a about 5 years of age and continues through age 7, in which children believe that rules are created by wise adults and therefore must be followed and cannot be changed
Moral Realism
A belief in absolute rules handed down by another that are, therefore, rules that must be followed and cannot be changed
Heteronomous Morality
A characteristic of the stage of moral realism in which children believe that breaking a rule always leads to punishment
Immanent Justice
A stage described by Piaget that begins at about age 8 in which children understand that rules are created by people to help them get along
Moral Relativism
A more advanced level of moral reasoning wherein morality is based on free will
Autonomous Morality
The first level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, where moral reasoning is based on external forces.
Preconventional Level
The second level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, where moral reasoning is based on society’s norms
Conventional Level
The third level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code.
Postconventional Level
Arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to help coordinate interactions of individuals within the group
Social Conventions
The domain of decisions concerning one’s body (e.g., what to eat and wear) and choices of friends or activities
Personal Domain
Any behaviour that benefits another person.
Prosocial Behaviour
Prosocial behaviour, such as helping and sharing, in which the helping individual does not expect to benefit directly from his or her behaviour
Altruism
Fully understanding, even experiencing, another person’s feelings.
Empathy
The ability to understand another’s emotions
Cognitive Empathy
The ability to really feel the other person’s emotion
Affective Empathy
Behaviour meant to harm others
Aggression
Aggression is used to achieve an explicit goal
Instrumental Aggression
A form of unprovoked aggression, the aim of which seems to be intimidation, harassment, or humiliation of another
Hostile Aggression
Aggression prompted by another child’s behaviour
Reactive Aggression
A form of verbal aggression in which children try to hurt
Relational Aggression
As applied to parent-child relations, parents’ knowledge of where their children are, what they’re doing, and whom they are with
Monitoring
Aggression that is expected within a situation, for example, a hockey fight
Socialized Aggression
Electronic bullying in which victims are harassed via cell phones or the internet.
Cyberbullying
