Chapter 12 key terms

Question 1

The ability to rise above immediate pressures and not give in to impulse

Answer 1

Self-control

Question 2

A parental discipline strategy of inducing the child to reason, to think for him or herself about a situation

Answer 2

Inductive Reasoning

Question 3

Having not yet developed moral sensibility

Answer 3

Premoral

Question 4

A stage described by Piaget that begins a about 5 years of age and continues through age 7, in which children believe that rules are created by wise adults and therefore must be followed and cannot be changed

Answer 4

Moral Realism

Question 5

A belief in absolute rules handed down by another that are, therefore, rules that must be followed and cannot be changed

Answer 5

Heteronomous Morality

Question 6

A characteristic of the stage of moral realism in which children believe that breaking a rule always leads to punishment

Answer 6

Immanent Justice

Question 7

A stage described by Piaget that begins at about age 8 in which children understand that rules are created by people to help them get along

Answer 7

Moral Relativism

Question 8

A more advanced level of moral reasoning wherein morality is based on free will

Answer 8

Autonomous Morality

Question 9

The first level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, where moral reasoning is based on external forces.

Answer 9

Preconventional Level

Question 10

The second level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, where moral reasoning is based on society’s norms

Answer 10

Conventional Level

Question 11

The third level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code.

Answer 11

Postconventional Level

Question 12

Arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to help coordinate interactions of individuals within the group

Answer 12

Social Conventions

Question 13

The domain of decisions concerning one’s body (e.g., what to eat and wear) and choices of friends or activities

Answer 13

Personal Domain

Question 14

Any behaviour that benefits another person.

Answer 14

Prosocial Behaviour

Question 15

Prosocial behaviour, such as helping and sharing, in which the helping individual does not expect to benefit directly from his or her behaviour

Answer 15

Altruism

Question 16

Fully understanding, even experiencing, another person’s feelings.

Answer 16

Empathy

Question 17

The ability to understand another’s emotions

Answer 17

Cognitive Empathy

Question 18

The ability to really feel the other person’s emotion

Answer 18

Affective Empathy

Question 19

Behaviour meant to harm others

Answer 19

Aggression

Question 20

Aggression is used to achieve an explicit goal

Answer 20

Instrumental Aggression

Question 21

A form of unprovoked aggression, the aim of which seems to be intimidation, harassment, or humiliation of another

Answer 21

Hostile Aggression

Question 22

Aggression prompted by another child’s behaviour

Answer 22

Reactive Aggression

Question 23

A form of verbal aggression in which children try to hurt

Answer 23

Relational Aggression

Question 24

As applied to parent-child relations, parents’ knowledge of where their children are, what they’re doing, and whom they are with

Answer 24

Monitoring

Question 25

Aggression that is expected within a situation, for example, a hockey fight

Answer 25

Socialized Aggression

Question 26

Electronic bullying in which victims are harassed via cell phones or the internet.

Answer 26

Cyberbullying