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PSYC 2500 > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The issue of whether children are simply at the mercy of the environment (P child) or actively influence their own development through their own unique individual characteristic (A child).

A

Active-Passive Child Issue

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2
Q

Uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families

A

Applied developmental science

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3
Q

detailed, systematic observations of individual children.

A

baby biographies

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4
Q

A prepared list of behaviours or characteristics to be noted, usually in observational research

A

Checklist

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5
Q

In Bronfenbrenner’s systems view, the idea that the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem are not static but change over time

A

Chronosystem

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6
Q

First described by Ivan Pavlov, who showed that a previously neutral stimulus could become associated with a naturally occurring response and eventually come to elicit a similar response on its own

A

classical conditioning

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7
Q

An approach to development that focuses on how children think and on how their thinking changes over time

A

Cognitive-Developmental Perspective

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8
Q

A specific generation or group of people (eg, a class or school grade) undergoing the same experiences at the same time

A

Cohort

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9
Q

When two forms of measurement correspond or concur, such as scores on questionnaires with those on a test of the same factor.

A

Concurrent Validity

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10
Q

When a test measures the theoretical construct it is supposed to be measuring

A

Construct Validity

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11
Q

An issue concerned with whether a developmental phenomenon follows a smooth progression throughout the life span or a series of abrupt shits

A

Continuity-versus-discontinuity issue

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12
Q

A statistic that reveals the strength and direction of the relation between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

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13
Q

A research design in which investigators look at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world.

A

Correlational Study

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14
Q

A time in development when a specific type of learning can take place; before or after the ________________, the same learning is difficult or even impossible

A

Critical Period

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15
Q

A research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

A

Cross-sectional Study

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16
Q

The knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour associated with a group of people.

A

Culture

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17
Q

An explanation by the researcher of the purposes of the experiment after its completion. The participant is given as full an explanation as possible, in wording appropriate to his or her level of understanding.

A

Debriefing

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18
Q

The behaviour that is observed after other variables are manipulated.

A

Dependent Variable

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19
Q

A theory in which the environment is divided into five components: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem. Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Theory of Ecological Systems

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20
Q

According to Freud, the rational component of the personality that develops during the first few years of life

A

Ego

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21
Q

A theory in which development is seen from an evolutionary perspective and behaviours are examined for their survival value.

A

Ethological Theory

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22
Q

According to Bronfenbrenner, social settings that influence ones’ development even though one does not experience them firsthand

A

Exosystem

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23
Q

A systematic way of manipulating factors that a researcher thinks cause a particular behaviour

A

Experiment

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24
Q

A type of experiment in which the researcher manipulates independent variables in a natural setting so that the results are more likely to be representative of behaviour in real-world settings.

A

Field Experiment

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25
Q

Becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly.

A

Habituation

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26
Q

According to Freud, the element of personality that desires immediate gratification of bodily wants and needs present at birth

A

Id

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27
Q

Copying observed behaviours

A

Imitation

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28
Q

Learning occurs during a critical period soon after birth or hatching, as demonstrated by chicks creating an emotional bond with the first moving object they see.

A

Imprinting

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29
Q

The factor that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

A

Independent Variable

30
Q

A powerful form of statistics that allows one to draw conclusions and to speculate about causation

A

Inferential Statistics

31
Q

A person’s decision to participate in research after having been told enough about the research to make an educated decision; children are not legally capable of giving ______________

A

Informed Consent

32
Q

A check that all observers use the same agreed-upon measures and interpret those measures in the same way

A

Inter-rater reliability

33
Q

A particular form of longitudinal design that Includes sequences of samples, each studied longitudinally

A

Longitudinal-sequential Study

34
Q

A research design in which a single cohort is studied over multiple times of measurement

A

Longitudinal Design

35
Q

According to Bronfenbrenner, the cultural and subcultural settings are where the microsystem, mesosy stem, and exosystem are embedded.

A

Macrosystem

36
Q

Emphasizes development as a natural unfolding of a biological plan

A

Maturational Theory

37
Q

According to Bronfenbrenner, the interrelations between different aspects of the microsystem

A

Mesosystem

38
Q

A tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

A

Meta-analysis

39
Q

A special type of longitudinal study in which children are tested repeatedly over a span of days, weeks, with the aim of observing change directly as it occurs

A

Microgenic Study

40
Q

According to Bronfenbrenner, the people and objects that are present in ones’ immediate environment

A

Microsystem

41
Q

A method of observation in which children are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real-life situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

42
Q

An issue concerning the manner in which genetic and environmental factors influence development.

A

Nature-Nurture Issue

43
Q

A relation between two variables in which larger values on one variable are associated with smaller values on a second variable.

A

Negative Correlation

44
Q

A measurement of discrete categories such as “makes eye contact” or “does not make eye contact.”

A

Nominal Scale

45
Q

The hypothesis against which the experimental hypothesis is tested. Basically states that nothing the experimenter did had any effect

A

Null Hypothesis

46
Q

Learning by observing, children learn a great deal from others simply by watching them

A

Observational Learning

47
Q

A bias that occurs when the researcher performing observations tends to notice those behaviours that support the hypothesis and to discount those that do not, or interprets behaviours in such a way that they support the hypothesis.

A

Observer Bias

48
Q

A source of experimental error that occurs when the participants change their behaviour because they are being observed; the influence of the fact of observation

A

Observer Influence

49
Q

A view of learning proposed by Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment

A

Operant conditioning

50
Q

A broad group of children who are the usual focus of research in child development

A

Population

51
Q

A relation between two variables in which larger values on one variable are associated with larger values on a second variable.

A

Positive Correlation

52
Q

A view first formulated by Freud in which development is largely determined by how well people resolve the conflicts they face at different ages

A

Psychodynamic Theory

53
Q

A theory proposed by Erikson in which personality development occurs in a series of stages as the result of the interaction of maturation and societal demands

A

Psychosocial Theory

54
Q

Applying an aversive stimulus (e.g, a spanking) or removing an attractive stimulus (e.g, TV viewing); an action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows

A

Punishment

55
Q

Research in which there is an in-depth study of individuals.

A

Qualitative Research

56
Q

Research that adds together many pieces of data.

A

Quantitative Research

57
Q

An experimental design that includes groups that were not formed by random assignment; because participants are not assigned truly randomly, it is called a __________________

A

quasi-experimental design

58
Q

A consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated in the future.

A

Reinforcement

59
Q

As applied to measurement, a measure is reliable if the results are consistent over time

A

Reliable

60
Q

In an overall conceptual plan for research, the two most common designs are correlational and experimental designs.

A

Reliable Research Design

61
Q

The tendency for research participants to respond in ways that are socially more acceptable.

A

Response Bias

62
Q

A group of children drawn from a population that participates in research.

A

Sample

63
Q

The belief that one is capable of performing a certain task

A

Self-efficacy

64
Q

Children’s answers to questions about specific topics.

A

Self-reports

65
Q

A theory developed by Bandura that stresses the use of cognition (thinking) in learning, children use reward, punishment, and imitation to try to understand what goes on in the world

A

Social Cognitive Theory

66
Q

A method in which the researcher creates a setting to elicit the behaviour of interest

A

Structured Observation

67
Q

According to Freud, the moral component of the personality that has incorporated adult standards of right or wrong

A

SuperEgo

68
Q

A method of observation in which investigators watch children and carefully record what they do or say.

A

Systematic Observation

69
Q

As applied to tests, the extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

A

Validity

70
Q

Any factor subject to change.

A

Variable

PSYC 2500 (3 decks)

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